Blog -Bible Daily Bread Devotional (BDBD)

In times such as ours, when authority is misused in government, business, education, and even the church, I need to set an example of what God says about authority. Paul stated clearly that the Lord came to him in a vision while he was on his way to persecute Christians in Damascus. Jesus told him to go to Damascus, and he would be told what he must do. Paul obeyed, learned of his mission, and thus received the authority for it. (Acts 9:1-18)

Paul said that God gives authority, “for building you up rather than pulling you down.” The primary purpose of Paul’s apostolic authority is constructive, for building up, not destructive, for pulling down (the same statement is made again in 13:10). The demands he makes in his letters are written so that they may put right what is amiss and so that things may be proper for his arrival, thus removing the need for severe action (pulling down) and preparing the way for edification (building up).

All authority is located in God is the uniform witness of the Bible. People possess authority only as the Lord gives it (Rom. 13:1). Religious authority derives from the authority of the Father, as that authority is revealed in the Son, manifested by the Holy Spirit, and given to the church and the world through the Bible. While different approaches to that authority existed in church history and are practiced today, Scripture says all legitimate authority comes directly or indirectly from God.

Such a position will have obvious implications for contemporary Christian faith and practice. The church and its ministry possess genuine religious authority only as they serve the mission of Jesus in faithfulness to the Bible and in building up the church (Matt. 28:18-20). The Christian accepts the truth of Scripture as authoritative by faith, and the command of Scripture as authoritative in obedience, and so demonstrates love for the Lord (John 14:15).

Who is on the side of the truth of Christ and who is not can be determined by the weapons they utilize. Words are the weapons of both sides. Jesus told Pilate that the reason he was born, the reason he came into the world, was to testify to the truth. (John 18:37) Jesus’ double-edged sword is the word coming from his sharp tongue. (Hebrews 4:12; Revelation 1:16, 2:12, 16, 19:15, 21) The weapons of this world (Satan and his followers) are lies (often sprinkled with truth), deception, gossip, quarreling, satire, sarcasm, and cruel words. (12:20; Proverbs 16:28, 19:22, 20:19; John 8:44; 2 John 1:7)

The motivation that compels one to speak determines what is said. How words are said may not be as determinate as what is being said, for lies can be stated with a soft, sweet tongue and the truth can be shouted from the wilderness (Matthew 3:1, 7-12; Luke 3:7-9, 18-19).

The motivation of those representing the truth of Christ is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness,  gentleness, and self-control. (Galatians 5:22-23). The motivation of those not on the side of truth is “sexual immorality, impurity and debauchery, idolatry and witchcraft, hatred, discord, jealousy, fits of rage, selfish ambition, dissensions, factions and envy, drunkenness, orgies, and the like.” (Galatians 5:19-21)

Though the people of the truth live in the world, meaning interacting with others, we do not wage war as the world does. (3) Jesus commands me to interact with the world as his ambassador, witnessing to the truth. So examine myself. How do I engage with the world? What are my motives? I have been given divine power to demolish strongholds through the word of God. (4b) Is my heart and mind engaged properly in battles?

Is Apostle Paul making a threat, a warning, or presenting a proposal to the Corinthian congregation in these two verses? Since he is begging them (2), Paul is not threatening them. So, is this a warning or proposal?

Since Paul confesses that his words are in the meekness and gentleness of Christ, this is not even a warning. Rather, Paul is giving them a chance to correct those who have been claiming he lives “by the standards of the world”.

What did they mean by claiming Paul lived “by the standards of this world”? Other translations include “according to the flesh”, “in an unspiritual way”, and “guided by human motives”. The meaning depends on who is making the claim. The rest of the chapter through chapter 12 makes it clear that legalistic judgment teachers are saying that Paul is living sinfully, meaning he does not keep the Law given through Moses. The religious leaders made the same claim about Jesus, and soon they would try to kill Paul in Jerusalem because he “teaches all men everywhere against our people and our law and this place.” (Acts 21:28)

Even today, some who claim Christ cannot or do not distinguish between the rules of men, the former Old Covenant, and the superior New Covenant made in the blood of Christ. They honor the old and set aside the new, and anyone who does not live by their rules, they make the same claim as Apostle Paul’s detractors. Not only that, they sit in the seat of judgment, condemning all who “violate the laws of Moses”. When the one appointed to judge by God comes, what will he say? I need to keep my heart meek and gentle by remaining yoked with Jesus. (Matthew 11:29)

Paul expends most of the chapter explaining and defending his ministry of reconciliation. Others, especially from within the church, were trying to undermine him and his ministry. Verses 3 through 6 stand out. Here Paul defines his work allegorically. He sees his ministry as a spiritual war.

Jesus told his disciples, “Go into all the world and preach the gospel to all creation. Whoever believes and is baptized will be saved, but whoever does not believe will be condemned.” (Mark 6:15-16) Paul’s mission obeyed this imperative. Specifically, Jesus told him through Ananias at the mission call, “This man is my chosen instrument to proclaim my name to the Gentiles and their kings and to the people of Israel.” (Acts 9:15-16)

Paul equates preaching the good news and proclaiming Jesus’ name as waging a spiritual war. When I do so, whether through word or action, I am fighting the good fight.

Human war in this world physically destroys, harms, tears down, and kills. The weapons used to fight a physical battle include the tongue, hands, legs, swords, arrows, guns, gas, bombs, and many other types of physical malicious devices. The spiritual war does not use these weapons (4).

The spiritual fight is with words and loving actions. Whenever I follow Jesus’ example and apply his teaching, I am using spiritual weapons. Jesus’s words are divine power ready for my use (5), but only when led by the Spirit in love.

I do not always want to fight the good fight. Sometimes I am tired, lazy, and selfish. It is then that I become vulnerable to defeat. Thank God that he is the source of unending power. When I am weak, He is strong and enables me to fight on.

Paul compares charitable giving to a farmer sowing seeds. He borrowed and expounded upon Jesus’ “Parable of the Sower”. (Matthew 13:1-23; Mark 14:1-14; Luke 8:1-15) In that parable, a farmer scattered seed on four different types of soil. Only one produced a crop. The point of the parable is to be the good soil that produces a crop.

Paul expounded on being the good soil that produced a hundredfold crop and included the concept behind the “Parable of Ten Minas” (Luke 19:11-27). The point of that parable was to make a great profit from what the Lord God has given.

“Whoever sows sparingly will also reap sparingly, and whoever sows generously will also reap generously”. (6; Proverbs 11:18, 22:9) Through God’s abounding grace, God can enable each Christian to abound in generous deeds. The pockets of frequent hands that give to the needy do not wear out.

Steady steps walk a mile. One mile turns into two, so soon, tens of thousands of footsteps, reach the goal.

The Corinthian congregation, as soon as they received news that fellow congregations in Judea were experiencing a drought and persecution, responded by preparing a donation. Sometime later, evil people entered their congregation, posing as important church leaders, and convinced them to keep the money for themselves because the report had been falsified by the Apostle Paul. The Corinthian congregation believed the false teachers’ lies and stopped collecting the charitable collection. They stopped their promised walk.

A year later, Paul sent word that other congregations were finishing up their collection and would soon arrive in Corinth to combine their offerings into one lump sum. What should have been an easy walk if they had set aside proper time now turned into a running march against time to reach their promised goals. They would fall into embarrassment if they didn’t collect what they had promised.

Therefore, Apostle Paul wrote, “I thought it necessary to urge the brothers to visit you in advance and finish the arrangements for the generous gift you had promised. Then it will be ready as a generous gift, not as one grudgingly given.” (5) Do not put off to tomorrow what can be done today.

Understanding what transpired before Paul wrote this letter clarifies an important concept Jesus taught his disciples in Matthew 21:28-32. Paul had learned of the drought and persecutions the congregations in Judea and Jerusalem had experienced a year before this letter. The Lord inspired Paul to collect a charitable gift from the Gentile congregations. So he sent word out, hoping they would voluntarily provide financial assistance to their brothers and sisters in Christ. The Corinthian congregation was the first to respond affirmatively.

The congregation gave a series of questions to Titus, asking him to give them to Paul to answer. Upon delivering the questions, Titus told Paul that Corinth had begun collecting the charitable gift. Paul answered Corinth’s questions with 1st Corinthians. Titus delivered the letter, which was received well. However, Titus noticed that they had stopped collecting the charitable gift. He reported this to Paul as well as information about the false prophets and teachers. Paul responded with 2nd Corinthians. In 8:10-11, he encouraged them to finish the work of collecting the offering. Starting without finishing is unacceptable and embarrassing.

Jesus taught this to the religious leaders in the “Parable of the Two Sons” (Matthew 21:28-32). Jesus concluded with, “‘Which of the two did what his father wanted?’

“‘The first,’ they answered.

“Jesus said to them, ‘I tell you the truth, the tax collectors and the prostitutes are entering the kingdom of God ahead of you. For John came to you to show you the way of righteousness, and you did not believe him, but the tax collectors and the prostitutes did. And even after you saw this, you did not repent and believe him.'”

The religious leaders looked like they started well. But because they did not finish by accepting the Messiah, they would not enter the kingdom of God. Listen to what Jesus teaches. Finish your walk of faith.

The Bible distinguishes between charity and tithing. Tithing is giving ten percent back to what God has graciously given. Tithing can require faith at times. Yet still, tithing is a command, and not without God’s promise. (Leviticus 27:30-33; Malachi 3:8-12) Tithing predates the Old Covenant law, as Cain and Abel presented offerings to the Lord God before the flood. (Genesis 4:1-7)

Apostle Paul was not gathering a tithe to send off to the head church. This did not exist until a few centuries later. Rather, Paul was arranging a charitable gift to the poor and needy in Jerusalem and Judea. Charity is as ancient as tithing. Abraham displayed charity by providing food for three traveling strangers. (Genesis 18:1-8)

Paul did not command the congregation to make a collection for the poor in another nation, for it was charity. (8) Rather, to protect their honor, he encouraged them to keep the promise they made a year earlier and finish what they started. The other churches knew of their promised commitment. If they did not follow through, they would be humiliated by the poorer congregations in Macedonia who eagerly and joyfully gave. (10-12)

After reminding Corinth of Jesus’ willingness to leave riches to go to poverty for our sake (9), Paul advises them to give as they are able within their means, and in the future, the riches the Jewish believers in Jesus have will help them. (14-15) Consider this: charity forced in any way, including humiliation and rebuke, is not giving in love, and is therefore turning into an obligation. For charity without love is not charity at all.

Apostle Paul concluded his previous thoughts by saying in 7:12-16 that he had bragged to Titus before he delivered the first letter to Corinth about the congregation at Corinth. Paul said they were devoted to him and would follow his direction, as hard as it was. Paul told Titus they would, and their positive response to Paul’s first letter refreshed Titus. When this report reached Corinth in the second letter, the Corinthian congregation’s pride was bolstered.

Then, with bolstered pride, in 8:1-7, Paul bragged about the Macedonian churches’ offering for the poor in Judea. First-century Greeks were loyal and proud first and foremost of their cities. The Macedonian churches were in cities less wealthy than Corinth. Paul said the congregation was “extremely poor”. (2) They had also experienced greater persecution than Corinth (2). Still, the Macedonian churches gave freely, joyously, and generously. Paul said they “urgently pleaded for the privilege of sharing in this service to the saints” (4).

Paul sent Titus back to Corinth with this message and stated, “See that you also excel in this grace of giving”. (7) Paul seems to be using competitive pride to compel the congregation at Corinth further to do the right thing.

The Ancient Greek Olympian and Corinth Isthmian games were as competitive as modern sports. Paul directly or indirectly used competition for positive results. Some might consider this wrong, but here seems to be an example where Paul did not. Competition can be used for good, but like everything else, competition can also be used incorrectly.

Challenge someone to a duel of reading the Bible in a year, or praying daily for a common goal in a given amount of time, or visiting a hospital, prison, or hospice together every day for a month in the name of Christ. Hold each other accountable. Isn’t this an example of positive competition?

Paul is continuing the instruction of giving to the poor, suffering believers in Judea that he started in chapter 8. The principle that when I give to the poor, God supplies me back and increases my money and makes me more profitable is introduced (12). This is true. Yet, not all the time is it applied correctly.

What I mean is this: the believers in Judea were poor. The Gentile believers had money. Does that mean that the Judeans did not have faith in Jesus or that God was not pleased with them and their giving? No. Does this mean that God was happier with the Gentiles and their giving? No.

Jesus was poor, and he is the Son of God. The apostles were poor, handpicked by Jesus, and God performed miracles through them. My faith should not be measured by my wealth. If this were a true measure, then Caesar and Hitler were blessed more than everyone. They were not. They were evil.

I should not give to the poor as a measure of my spirituality nor as a financial investment (6-7). I have heard messages that present these false beliefs. Rather, I should give lovingly because someone is in need. I am to be happy to help, and I should not be concerned that God won’t meet my needs too.

The eastern shore of the Mediterranean was experiencing a drought. The Judean churches were experiencing hardships not only because of the drought but also because they were ousted from the synagogues, forbidden from taking some jobs (i.e., priests), and became social outcasts. Paul was coordinating a free-will gift from the Gentile churches to help their brothers in the Lord in Judea (4, 10).

Charity is something that Jesus taught his people through his life and in his words. Jesus created everything. His Father gave him everything. He is the ruler of all. He could have done anything he wanted. He chose to leave everything to save me and the whole world. Though the Lord Jesus Christ was rich, yet for my sake, he became poor, so that through his poverty I became rich (9). Humanly I am not rich. In fact, I am quite poor. Yet spiritually I am rich, and when my physical body ends I will be a co-owner of everything.

God does not want anyone to give charity beyond their ability (12). I am not to make myself poor so that the poor might be made rich (14-15). Many become rich at the expense of others in the name of charity and in the name of God. Just because God is mentioned in a charity pitch does not make it from God, nor does it make it holy, right, and good. Also, giving money and time may be harmful to the one I give to. So I am careful in my charity giving.

Ancient Christian Steps -based on John Cassian’s (360-435 A.D.) “The Rule of the Master” (5th century A.D.), the source of St. Benedict’s (480-530 A.D.) “12 Steps of Humility”, chapter 7 of the book “The Rule” (6th century A.D.). John Cassian’s concepts are drawn from the ascetic traditions of the “Egyptian Desert Fathers,” monks who date back to the 2nd century A.D., and are based on Luke’s Gospel, Proverbs, and 2 Corinthians 7:8-11.

A. Receive the Gospel

B. Accept the Gospel

1. Accept and be sorry for self induced sinned, separating oneself from the Loving God, and inability to do anything to remove that sin with one’s own ability. Fear God’s judgment of my guilt.   
2. Accept that only the Benevolent God can remove my sin and guilt through Jesus’ selfless sacrifice in my place. Accept the Gracious God’s unmerited forgiveness.   
3. Admit my sin and helpless state to Merciful God, knowing Righteous God is just in his judgment. Humble yourself before Almighty God.   
4. Ask Righteous and Loving God to remove my sin and give hope for eternal life in union with Christ Jesus. Ask for forgiveness for all sin. Ask Just God to establish a righteous relationship with him through his One and Only Son, Jesus.   
5. Ask Omnipotent God to take absolute and total control of my life. State, “I submit all control of my life totally over to the One and Only Lord God Almighty. I will obey God’s will and word.”

C. Begin Active Change

1. Pray, read and study the Holy Bible, meditate on God and the Bible, and worship God your Father regularly.   
2. Attend a Bible-believing and loving congregation for corporate worship and fellowship.   
3. Persevere in the strength of God’s Spirit during hardship, persecution, and trouble. Remember the hope of eternal life in Christ Jesus.   
4. Take a moral inventory according to the Bible, admitting wrong especially regarding your actions toward other people. Morality’s basis is Jesus’ love and righteousness.   
5. Ask God to help working to stop doing wrong and start doing right. Make positive changes, especially regarding love towards others and hating sin in yourself.   
6. Ask God to help make needed character changes as you make positive changes.   
7. Seek to make amends with people harmed because of your sinful and selfish ways, but only when they are open to it.   
8. Help people in love and respect as God directs. Find God’s place for you to serve his church, even in minimal tasks, not for self-benefit, but for the benefit of others, whether all or for one.   
9. Be ready to kindly and respectfully share your faith in Jesus and what you believe, defend the weak and helpless, and refrain from selfish praise.   
10. Dress and appear modestly while not being eccentric so that your presentation does not hinder your witness about Jesus and what you believe.

Lately, I have come to passages in this letter that I find hard to apply or make fresh. This is one of them. Paul tends to repeat himself, as he does in 2-4. Added to that, the subject matter started in 2:12-13; Paul has deviated from it until now, when he returns to it in 7:5-7.

So, here is a synopsis of worthy points from verses 2-4: wrong no one, corrupt no one, exploit no one, and condemn no one. Opposing these are: live and die for others, have great confidence in believers, be greatly encouraged by another’s faith, and in all our troubles our joy knows no bounds.

Concerning the last declaration, “in all our troubles our joy knows no bounds,” Paul expands upon that in verses 5-7. Paul stated in 2:14-15 that after he wrote the first letter to the congregation at Corinth, he began his circular trip to the congregations to collect the aid offering for the poor in Jerusalem. He had no peace of mind then because he was hoping to get a report about Corinth’s reception of the first letter from Titus. However, Titus was not in Troas, so he lacked peace.

Also, he says his body had no rest, but was harassed on every turn (5). Yet, here Paul declares that, despite these and other troubles, his joy knows no bounds. This reminds me of the peace that surpasses understanding (Philippians 4:7). God comforts the downcast (6). The takeaway to personalize is a contradiction believers experience, as Jesus said, “In this world you will have trouble… my peace I give you. I do not give you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid… take heart, I have overcome the world.” (John 14:27, 16:33)

If Apostle Paul was a coward in his youth, the power of God overcame his cowardice as a servant of God. Paul did not show ignoble fear in the face of troubles, hardships, and distress. (4b) God enabled Paul to have great endurance.

Three troubles Paul lists that he endured are beatings, imprisonments, and riots. (5a) Only a few months earlier, while in Ephesus, a riot broke out due to a silversmith named Demetrius, who made silver shrines of the idol Artemis. Demetrius was losing money because people were renouncing paganism and becoming Christians. Paul was forced to leave the city he had made his home for several years. (Acts 19:1-20:1. See also Acts 16:22 for beatings.)

Three hardships Paul lists here are hard work, sleepless nights, and hunger. (5b) Paul was a layman missionary. (Acts 18:1-4) His often forced travels caused him to sleep in the wilderness, which left him sleepless and hungry. (Acts 16:6-12, 17:10, 14-15)

Apostle Paul does not detail the distress he endured. The Greek noun Paul used for distress describes the emotional and spiritual anguish of being trapped by oppressive circumstances with no room to move or escape, resulting in feelings of severe distress or calamity. Rather than stating the distresses he endured due to the troubles and hardships, Paul states the opposing forces God gave him to combat the distress. Verse 6 states some of the gifts of the Holy Spirit: purity, understanding, patience, kindness, and love. (John 14:26, 15:26; Galatians 5:22-23)

God does not raise cowards who watch as others propagate hate, subvert the truth, and deceive people into believing lies, as some were doing in Corinth. God does not abandon his children to troubles, hardships, and distresses without means to overcome. To many who proclaim the name among those they trust, are quiet and cower among those they do not know.

Paul wanted to live an exemplary life so as not to discredit the ministry of reconciliation he was called to. (4, 5:18) If I talk the talk but do not walk the walk, then, as people notice my contradictory walk, they will not listen to my reconciliatory talk. When I repeat Jesus’ message of turning to God, but show that I have not turned to God, then why would they turn to God?

Living the walk that Jesus taught in a world that continues to fall into the pit of hate towards those who live to please Christ is one that faces troubles, hardships, and distress. The world shames us for doing the right thing. We are tempted to leave stumbling blocks in their path. However, Jesus says, “Things that cause people to sin are bound to come, but woe to that person through whom they come. It would be better for him to be thrown into the sea with a millstone tied around his neck than for him to cause one of these little ones to sin. So watch yourselves.” (Luke 17:1-3)

So, as servants of God, we commend ourselves in every way. (4a) The apostles not only gave no offense in anything, but they labored to manifest themselves to be the genuine ministers of God, in much patience, bearing calmly up under the most painful and oppressive afflictions. Jesus tells us, “All men will hate you because of me, but he who stands firm to the end will be saved.” (Matthew 10:22; Mark 13:13; Luke 21:17; John 15:20-21)

Every human who has ever lived has experienced events they never wanted to happen, whether self-imposed or due to nothing they had done or failed to do. In this world, everyone has troubles. Added to that some suffer from frequent depression. Troubles rebuff even the strongest souls.

Jesus’ apostles experienced perhaps some of the worst life events. Paul lists some of his life pains here. They included troubles, hardships, distress, beatings, imprisonment, riots, hard work, sleeplessness, hunger, dishonor, bad report, being regarded as an impostor, being unknown, dying, sorrow, poverty, and having nothing. Paul lists his responses in these verses.

My response to everything that happens to me, whether wanted or unwanted, is important. I can choose now not to let future events dictate my response to them. I could attempt to train my will to be set to positive and my mind to be alert ahead of time. I could commend my soul to be preset to “great endurance” (4). I would do this as a mental and emotional wall to guard against attacks on my positive inner well-being.

As wise as that sounds, I have come to realize that an attitude of no surrender to any future troubling hardships is sometimes not enough. Some mornings, I wake up feeling refreshed and strong-willed. The wall of defense is strong.

Other mornings, I wake up feeling like buttered popcorn left out all night. I wake up fatigued and melancholy. I have never been a morning person. Even on the mornings when I am raring to take on and overcome any obstacle, there is always the possibility that a major unexpected tragedy that no one could muscle up a strong will to overcome will transpire. What then?

Paul wrote here that he endured, “in the Holy Spirit and in sincere love” (6) and “in the power of God” (7). I have discovered that every morning, especially the melancholy ones, when I turn my mind, my emotions, and my will to God even for a minute or 30, the soul’s wall of defense is built on solid rock. It is less likely to fall, and I will be less likely to be overrun by deadly emotions and thoughts.

Jesus taught in a parable that he is a solid rock to build on. Going daily to Jesus before troubles come, I will not be overcome because my wall of defense is built on solid ground. I will not be destroyed. (Matt. 7:24-27) “The Lord is my rock, my fortress, and my deliverer; my God is my rock, in whom I take refuge, my shield and the horn of my salvation, my stronghold.” (Psalms 18:2, 27:5, 40:2, 62:4)

Apostle Paul continues his logic with a transitional statement, “Since, then, we know what it is to fear the Lord, we try to persuade men.” “Fear” is the Greek noun “phobos”. The English words “fear” and “terror” are used to translate several Hebrew and Greek words. In the Old Testament, the most common word used is “yirah”. (Isa. 7:25; Jonah 1:10,16). In the New Testament, the word used most often is “phobos” which means “fear”, “dread”, and “terror” (Matt. 28:4; Luke 21:26). Religious fear, unlike secular fear, is the fallen human response to the presence of God.

Some Christians tend to de-emphasize the fear of God in the New Testament by placing the love of God above the fear of God. There is indeed a greater emphasis on the love of God in the New Testament. However, the element of fear was part of the proclamation of the early church.

Paul admonished believers to work out their salvation “with fear and trembling” (Phil. 2:12). The early church grew in number as they lived “in the fear of the Lord” (Acts 9:31). The fear of God is related to the love of God. The revelation of God to people in the New Testament contains the element of God’s mysterious otherness, calling for reverent obedience. The New Testament church stands in awe and fear in the presence of a holy God, for fear is “the whole duty of man” (Eccl. 12:13).

Paul’s summary statement about knowing what it is to fear the Lord relates back to all standing before the judgment seat of Christ to give an account of the thoughts and actions committed while in this life (10). Paul says “we,” including himself. Does your confession of faith in Jesus include knowing the fear of the Lord?

I had estranged myself from God. I did this by not believing he loves me and that his ways are best. I harbored lust, envy, greed, and other kinds of godlessness in my heart. I thought about these and occasionally acted on those thoughts. God told me not to do these, for they were harmful. Yet, I did not accept his good and wise direction. I had a form of religion without the true God leading me. I sinned.

Then, I read about Jesus. God showed me that Jesus reconciled me to God (19). Through Jesus, God does not hold my sins against me. He takes them away through Jesus (14-15).

Jesus had no sin. Yet, when he was on the cross, he accepted my and everyone else’s sin into himself (21). So, he who had no sin was punished and died. I accept his selfless sacrifice for me. Because of Jesus, I will not be punished. The old me is gone. The new me is now and forevermore (17).

Now I live for God (15). Living for God for me means more than doing what God says is best and good for me. It is to try to persuade others of what God revealed to me and has done for me. I try to show that he can also do this for them (21). Jesus’s love causes me to lovingly share the good news with others through actions and, when appropriate, also in word (14). I share only when they are ready to listen.

Apostle Paul utilizes clever word crafting by altering the use and meaning of “at home”, “body”, and “away”. While “home” always means where we dwell, in one sentence, the place of occupation is the physical body, and in another, the place of occupation is in paradise with the Lord. The meaning all depends on which side of the grave we exist. Paul stresses that, no matter where home is, this world or the next, the Lord Jesus is the source and focus of our existence and heart.

While I am “in the body“, my source and focus can reside in Jesus because I live by faith, not by sight. Like the ancients were commended for, I am sure of what I hope for and certain of what I do not see. (Hebrews 11:1) This is my faith expressed in the knowledge that one day I will appear before the judgment seat of Christ to give an account of what I did while “in the body”. While my home is in this body, I work on my character, practicing love for others as Jesus teaches me to do.

Jesus teaches me to be a wise builder, placing my home on the rock where rain, flood, and winds will not destroy. He also teaches me not to be a foolish builder, placing my home on sand where the torments and troubles of this world tear down faith and a good character. (Matthew 7:24-29)

Jesus also teaches me to be a man who uses the talents he gave me to increase his investment. Jesus has gone away to the home I will occupy with him. A day is coming when I will stand before Jesus’ judgment seat to settle the account with me. I want to hear his pleased word, “Well done, good and faithful servant! You have been faithful with a few things while in the body.” I do not want to hear his displeased word, “You wicked, lazy servant! Take the talent from his and give it to someone else. And throw that worthless servant outside, into the darkness, where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.” (Matthew 25:14-30)

God created humans with 3 parts: a physical body, a soul, and a spirit. The soul is my emotions, thoughts, and will. My spirit was dead until Jesus gave it new life when I first believed in him many years ago. (John 3:3)

My physical body is like a tent. It temporarily contains my soul and my spirit. Paul was in the tent business, which he drew from to make the analogy in this chapter. His craft consists mostly of mending tents and occasionally making new ones. People use tents as temporary residences. Homes made of wood, brick, and metal are preferred to tents. The physical body is a tent. (1-4)

When I was young, I was in the Boy Scouts. My troop often took trips, usually staying in tents. One late fall, we stayed near a small river winding through my grandparents’ dairy farm. Most stayed in tents except my friend and I. We decided to make a tent out of a rope and a large plastic sheet. The ends of the sheet overlapped under our sleeping bags.

The first night, the weather changed from pleasant to bitterly cold, freezing rain. At first, my friend and I were safe and dry in our flimsy tent. However, after 15 minutes, ice-cold water began seeping through the overlap under our sleeping bags. We became shivering cold and wet. We soon escaped the poor tent for the warm, dry shelter of my grandparents’ farmhouse.

My physical body is like the plastic tent my friend and I made. When all is pleasant, my physical body adequately houses my soul and spirit. However, from the day I was born, my body has had flaws that do not hold up when life’s weather turns for the worse. In bad storms of life, I groan and am burdened. I feel naked, wet, and cold. (2, 4)

However, I have great hope. I believe that Jesus has made something better for me. When my current physical body finally fails, I know that God has made a strong, dry, and warm home for my soul and a new spirit. He will place my soul and my new spirit in a new physical dwelling. (1, 3, 6-8)

When my body dies, I will not be naked. I know this is true because God’s Spirit within me spiritually reminds me of all the time. I live by faith, even though I cannot physically see my new spirit, nor God’s Holy Spirit, nor have I seen my new resurrection physical body. Like Paul, I make it my goal to please Jesus, who has given me this wonderful hope. (9-10)

Believing in Jesus, faith in him, leads a person to give testimony about him. Jesus, who entered Jerusalem riding on a donkey, was given great praise. The Jewish religious leaders told him to stop the praise. His reply was, “I tell you, if they keep quiet, the stones will cry out.” (Luke 19:40). “I believe,” Paul and the Psalmist say, “therefore I have spoken.” Testimony about Jesus is a natural compulsion to those who believe.

Why? “Because we know that the one who raised the Lord Jesus from the dead will also raise us with Jesus and present us with the saints in his presence” (14). The grace of God in this gives rise to thanksgiving and praise to the glory of God. Paul points out that the good news was also reaching many people, not just the Jews. More and more were added as people testified to Jesus.

We were made to testify. Jesus said, “You did not choose me, but I chose you and appointed you to go and bear fruit – fruit that will last. Then the Father will give you whatever you ask in my name.” (John 15:16) “Go!” If you are as stubborn as a rock and remain still. Then a rock will show more life than you when you are still.

The human body is like a jar of clay, a fragile shell made of the ground we walk on, meant to store goods. When closed, it is without light. Ancient cultures used plain clay jars to conceal valuable treasures – sacred scrolls, hard jewels, and untarnished precious metals. The wonderful treasure in Christians is God’s light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Christ. (6)

Though a hard, fragile shell, pressed on every side, Christians are not crushed. Though wrestled about like a sports ball, not knowing what is happening and what to do about it, we are not without hope and deliverance. (8) Though persecuted, we are not abandoned. Though thrown down like a wrestler, we are not destroyed. We are lifted up and move on. (9)

Like a jar full of valuables is buried, our body is buried with Christ. (Romans 6:4-6) We die every day. (1 Corinthians 15:31) We always carry around in our clay body the death of Jesus. (10a, 11a). Why? So that the life of Jesus may also be revealed in our body. (10b). We die for Jesus’ sake, so that his life may be revealed in our mortal body. (11b) Death is at work in this clay body, but life is at work in those we minister to. (12) We have this treasure in jars of clay to show that this all-surpassing power is from God and not from us. (7)

Light overcomes darkness. Darkness cannot overcome light. Light penetrates darkness. Darkness cannot penetrate light. Light is glory. Darkness is not glory. A mind can be blinded so that it cannot see light. The light of the gospel is the glory of Christ. The light cannot be stopped, but it can be rejected.

The god of this age is the devil, for most people follow his ways and in doing so worship him. The devil’s followers do not believe in Christ. They reject Jesus as Lord and his gospel of glory. Their unbelief enables the devil to blind their minds. They cannot see the glory of Christ, who is the image of God. (4)

John 3:19-21 says, “This is the verdict: Light has come into the world, but men loved darkness instead of light because their deeds were evil. Everyone who does evil hates the light, and will not come into the light for fear that his deeds will be exposed. But whoever lives by the truth comes into the light, so that it may be seen plainly that what he has done has been done through God.”

God said, “Let light shine out of darkness in my heart.” God gave me the light of Jesus Christ as Lord. He made me a servant of his light. He gave me the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Christ. I am the servant of the light of Jesus. Anyone can be brought out of darkness and placed in the light. Jesus gives sight to the blind.

Apostle Paul, not losing heart, though some attacked his character and motives, continued to preach the gospel, the very ministry given him by the Lord. Jesus tells all his disciples that opposition is sure to come. Paul contrasted his methods to accomplish the mission given to him with those of his detractors. We can learn how to proceed with our missions.

Paul’s detractors used secret and shameful ways. They were deceptive, hiding their true motives. Their methods were to distort the word of God. (2a) They were like Oz behind the curtain in “The Wizard of Oz”.

Paul, however, did not do as they did, though before he became a believer, he was like them. When the Lord called him, he put those shameful ways behind him. Opposite to them, Paul presented God’s truth plainly and clearly. (2b) Those who heard him or read his letters knew in their conscience that what he said had no hidden agenda. They knew it to be true and of God. (2c)

Referring back to what he wrote in 3:13-15, like Moses’ veil, if anyone did not understand the gospel he preached, it was not his doing nor fault. Rather, it was because they did not believe. The veil covers their hearts. (3)

As the apostle wrote Timothy, “Do your best to present yourself to God as one approved, a workman who does not need to be ashamed and who correctly handles the word of truth.” (2 Timothy 2:15) And the writer of Hebrews, “For the word of God is living and active. Sharper than any double-edged sword, it penetrates even to dividing soul and spirit, joints and marrow; it judges the thoughts and attitudes of the heart.” (Hebrews 4:12)

Today’s Bible Daily Bread Devotional (BDBD) is for those who are weak from serving in Jesus’ name. These are the volunteers, faithfully ministering from infants to the elderly. They are men and women of the Spirit, who continually walk the streets talking to strangers about Jesus. They are displaying the image of the Son of Man, Jesus of Galilee, through their words and acts. They are non-profit royal priests who get more harassment and persecution than recognition. These are practical ministers of the New Covenant, the gospel of Jesus.

Paul, in the previous chapter, said that yours is the freedom, reflecting the Lord’s glory. You are being transformed into his likeness with ever-increasing glory. (3:17-18). Your ministry brings righteousness. Your glory is surpassing and will last the ages. (3:9-11) Your competence comes from God. (3:5)

The great ministry you have, though all the troubles and trials of life, is God’s mercy to you in the ministry he has given you. (1) Jesus said, “I have told you these things, so that in me you may have peace. In this world you will have trouble. But take heart! I have overcome the world.” (John 16:33) Be in the words Jesus told us and be in the living Word, Jesus, the Prince of Peace. Take heart. He who has overcome the world is with you in the ministry he has given you.

The Spirit is the Lord of those who believe in Jesus (17-18). Lord, in the original Greek, has the equivalent meaning of the Hebrew word Adonai. (Exodus 3:14) The meaning of both is the “Supreme and Almighty Master”. Abraham called God, “Adonai Elohim”. “Elohim,” meaning “Almighty God,” is the name for God in Genesis 1:1. The Spirit is, therefore, the Supreme Master Almighty God.

“Where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is freedom.” (17b) The Spirit is within those who accept Jesus as Messiah and call on his name. Our Lord the Spirit freed us from our old master, which was the laws and stipulations of the Old Covenant. They ruled over us through death and sin (7). The old master has no power over me. I have a new Master, the Spirit, and he is life everlasting (11b).

The Lord, my master, is transforming me into his likeness with ever-increasing glory. I am like the moon or a mirror reflecting light. I reflect the surpassing glory of the Lord (10), who is the Spirit. My transformation is not physical. My transformation is spiritual. My transformation is not by my power or will. My transformation comes from the Holy Spirit. We see and experience the glory now through the moving of the Spirit.

Remember Apostle Peter’s words in the days of persecution upon us and ever-increasing, “Dear friends, do not be surprised at the painful trial you are suffering, as though something strange were happening to you. But rejoice that you participate in the sufferings of Christ, so that you may be overjoyed when his glory is revealed. If you are insulted because of the name of Christ, you are blessed, for the Spirit of glory and of God rests on you.” (1 Peter 4:12-14)

Moses was on Mount Sinai with the Lord, receiving the ten commandments carved in stone. When he came down the mountain, his face was radiant with glory, and Aaron and Israel were afraid to come near him. So, Moses put a veil over his face. The radiance began to fade until it was no more, but Israel did not notice because Moses kept the veil over his face. (Exodus 34:29-35). This is a lesson of the temporary and weak natures of the Old Covenant.

The Lord punished Judah for their sins and for ignoring the prophets he sent them by sending the Babylonians to burn down Jerusalem and completely destroy the temple. When the punishment was completed, the prophet Jeremiah pronounced a punishment for the day they would also reject the Messiah, Jesus, “O LORD, you have heard their insults, all their plots against me– what my enemies whisper and mutter against me all day long. Look at them! Sitting or standing, they mock me in their songs. Pay them back what they deserve, O LORD, for what their hands have done. Put a veil over their hearts, and may your curse be on them! Pursue them in anger and destroy them from under the heavens of the LORD.” (Lamentations 3:61-66; See 1 Corinthians 16:22 and Galatians 3:10-13)

The Holy Spirit reveals through the Apostle Paul that the veil remains. Is there any hope for people who have a veil over their hearts? Yes! Only in Christ is it taken away. (14) Whenever anyone turns to the Lord, the veil is taken away. (16) “Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us.” (Galatians 3:13a)

Glory is one of those words that has so many meanings and applications that it is hard to define. We can say, “Her hair is her crowning glory.” “The sun is a ball of blazing glory.” “Give God praise and glory.” And here Paul wrote, “If what was fading away came with glory, how much greater is the glory of that which lasts!” (11)

When Moses was on Mount Sinai receiving the Ten Commandments of the Old Covenant, lightning surrounded the top of the mountain, it shook, and a loud trumpet sounded. When he walked down Mount Sinai with the Ten Commandments, his face was radiant. When Moses was in the tabernacle a column of fire entered the tent. (Exodus 19:16-19, 33:9, 34:29-35) Glory was displayed in all this. Yet, the lightning stopped, the face of radiance faded, and the tabernacle is no more.

As the glory of the stars fades away and disappears when the sun rises, so the Old Covenant faded away when the New Covenant came. (10) We of the New Covenant have a hope of the future glory of the Kingdom of God. We see and experience that glory now through the moving of the Spirit. We have a sure hope for our future. So, we are bold in sharing the gospel of the Kingdom of God. “Therefore, prepare your minds for action; be self-controlled; set your hope fully on the grace to be given you when Jesus Christ is revealed.” (1 Peter 1:13) Is your hope sure?

How can it be determined if a person is an authentic instructor or a cult authoritarian with a desire to control people and take their earnings? The Jewish religious leaders insisted that Jesus was a charlatan because he was not “one of us”.

Pseudo-apostles insisted that Apostle Paul was a pretender because he was not one of the twelve, was not part of Jesus’ earthly ministry, and had persecuted the early believers. The Corinthian congregation would have a hard time knowing who to believe because, unlike us, they did not have the New Testament writings, could not reference-check his teachings (except using the Old Testament), and could not review a letter of recommendation (Paul did not carry any).

Apostle Paul’s response was, “Look at the fruit of my labors and remember my actions when I was with you, when I founded your congregation.” The congregation’s changed lives, the manifestations of the Holy Spirit because of his teaching, and the miracles were God’s testimony of Paul’s authenticity. He didn’t need a degree written in ink as proof. The Spirit of the living God written on their hearts proved his authenticity.

Jesus, warning about false prophets, taught, “By their fruit you will recognize them,” and, “Make a tree good and its fruit will be good, or make a tree bad and its fruit will be bad, for a tree is recognized by its fruit.” (Matthew 7:15-20, 12:33). Are you in a group, church, or campus ministry and have questions about their authenticity and motivations? Research the results of their work, their teachings, and their motivations. Seek to know the sincerity behind the smiles, understanding that you will not find perfection, but you should find fruit that aligns with Biblical teaching.

Paul presents the Corinthian congregation as a living witness to his credentials as a minister of the New Covenant (1-6). Then, he compares the Old Covenant to the New Covenant (7-18).

The Lord God presented the Old Covenant to Israel at Mount Sinai, in the desert (modern-day western Saudi Arabia), through Moses on two stone tablets (Exodus 19-20). The entire law of the Old Covenant is the first five books of the Bible (though some record historical facts too). When Moses came down the mountain to present the ten commandments to Israel, his face shone with the glory of God. This faded over time (Exodus 34:29-30, 33, 35). The Old Covenant brought condemnation because the Israelites were unable to keep it, for all have a fallen, sinful nature.

The Lord Jesus presented the New Covenant to the world at Mount Zion, where Jerusalem is located. The Holy Spirit writes it on the hearts of those who believe in him. When Jesus rose from the dead and ascended to his Father in heaven, his face shone with the glory of God, which never fades. The New Covenant brings righteousness because it relies solely on Jesus’s character, what he did on the cross, and his resurrection (1 Corinthians 15).

When I relied on myself for righteousness in God’s eyes, I had a veil over my heart. I tried to be a good person. I tried to be accepted by God. But I could not see God nor his Christ through my self-righteousness. I failed. I was separated from God.

Then God took the veil off my heart (16). Now I see Jesus’ sacrifice on the cross, atoning for my sins. Now I solely rely on Jesus – who he is and what he did for my righteousness. Now the Spirit of the Lord is in me. Now my relationship with God does not rely on me. I am free in Christ. I am free of the law and condemnation. I am being transformed into the image of the Son with ever-increasing glory (18). Jesus makes me competent as a minister of the New Covenant (5-6).

A year ago, for a work-related change, my wife and I moved from the East Coast to the center of the country. The trip involved stops at a relative’s house, Nashville, and Memphis until we finally arrived at the city where we now live. Normally, a three-night trip to such locations would be very enjoyable. However, since we had a tight schedule, over 1,100 miles to travel, cleaning the old apartment, furniture packing and moving arrangements, and working at a new location and company, we had little peace of mind and physical rest. The trip was not very enjoyable.

Paul’s travel from Ephesus was also lacking in peace of mind until he arrived at the troubled new congregation at Corinth (13). Paul’s first main stop was at the port city of Troas. The door to preach the gospel was opened to him there. He taught for only a very short time because he was eager to learn if the Corinthian congregation had received his first letter well, and if they were still a congregation. He had hoped he and Titus, who was coming from Corinth, would cross paths in Troas. They did not. So he left Troas and continued to Corinth.

Though we are believers in Jesus and working for the kingdom as we should, we may at times lack peace of mind. An unsettled mind is not because God does not give us peace. Rather, peace of mind is often due to our impatience. The mind controlled by the Spirit is life and peace. (Romans 8:6b) Jesus promised, “But the Counselor, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, will teach you all things and will remind you of everything I have said to you. Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid.” (John 14:26-27)

Grief, distress, and anguish, especially grief, are repeated ten times in the first ten verses, all deriving from the Greek noun “lype” (a transliteration), referring to deep emotional pain. Contrasting “lype” are forgiveness, joy, comfort, and love; together they are stated twelve times.

One man’s sin in the Corinthian congregation led to grief, distress, and anguish, not just for the man when punished, but also for the congregation and Paul. The majority inflicted punishment, likely excommunication, at Paul’s direction. The man was grieved and repented. He received forgiveness and was invited back into the fellowship. Without grieving, usually the result of punishment, there is no forgiveness. As the psalmist wrote, “If you, O LORD, kept a record of sins, O Lord, who could stand? But with you there is forgiveness; therefore you are feared.” (Psalm 130:3-4)

Apostle John wrote, “This is the message we have heard from him and declare to you: God is light; in him there is no darkness at all. If we claim to have fellowship with him yet walk in the darkness, we lie and do not live by the truth. But if we walk in the light, as he is in the light, we have fellowship with one another, and the blood of Jesus, his Son, purifies us from all sin. If we claim to be without sin, we deceive ourselves and the truth is not in us. If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just and will forgive us our sins and purify us from all unrighteousness. If we claim we have not sinned, we make him out to be a liar and his word has no place in our lives.” (1 John 1:5-10)

Paul gave instructions in his first letter to the Corinthian congregation in chapter 5 concerning a man engaging in a grievous sexual immorality. He said that they should cast him out of their congregation. Now, Paul reveals two motives behind that directive. (Some point out that he may be referring to another person’s sin and/or offense.) First, he did not want to be grieved by them when he arrived (3-4). Second, he was testing their obedience (9). They did as Paul instructed and cast the man out.

The man repented. So now, Paul is encouraging them to forgive and invite him to join them again. Paul had already forgiven him.

One interesting statement here is, “if there was anything to forgive.” (The reason some believe it is another offense.) Another is, “that Satan might not outwit us. For we are not aware of his schemes.”

Satan wants to destroy all of Christ’s congregations. He has various schemes to carry out the destruction. A particularly common one is to divide us. In this case, he used a man who persisted in incest, and the congregation’s leadership lacked discipline. Thus, Paul said the man needed to be cast out. They obeyed. He grieved and repented.

Satan’s scheme did not stop there. Now the congregation needed to forgive the man and unconditionally accept him back into the church. Forgiveness is an important act of love. Jesus taught me to pray, “Forgive us of our sins as we forgive those who sin against us.” Holding regret and judgment is self-destructive to congregations and to me. Discernment, separation from persistent sin, and unconditional forgiveness should all be done in love.

“Stand firm in Christ!” The first place in Israel’s history the command to “stand firm” is given is the Lord’s answer through Moses to Israel concerning the approaching Egyptian army led by Pharaoh, “Do not be afraid. Stand firm and you will see the deliverance the LORD will bring you today. The Egyptians you see today you will never see again.” (Exodus 14:13) The next time the command is heard was when Moabites, Ammonites, and Meunites came to make war on Jehoshaphat and Israel. While standing before the LORD at his temple in prayer, the LORD replied, “You will not have to fight this battle. Take up your positions; stand firm and see the deliverance the LORD will give you, O Judah and Jerusalem. Do not be afraid; do not be discouraged. Go out to face them tomorrow, and the LORD will be with you.'” (2 Chronicles 20:17)

King David, learning from the past and looking to the future we now live in, prophesied, “Some trust in chariots and some in horses, but we trust in the name of the LORD our God. They are brought to their knees and fall, but we rise up and stand firm. O LORD, save the king! Answer us when we call!” (Psalm 20:7-9) The Holy Spirit, through the apostle, reminds us, “Now it is God who makes both us and you stand firm in Christ.” (21a)

Troubles and suffering will come and have come. God is with us, strengthening our knees. “How do I know this?” you may ask. God anointed us with a seal of ownership. The Holy Spirit in our hearts is a deposit, guaranteeing what is to come. The Holy Spirit, whom we experience life from and with, tells us that God is with us, and God strengthens our knees so we will stand firm in the Lord Jesus, as he wins the battle that is already won.

“The day of the Lord Jesus”, referring to Jesus’ coming to assess the saints’ actions while in the flesh, as Paul is using it here, is one day only. It can be understood as one twenty-four (24) hour day that starts at sunset, goes through dawn, the light period, and ends at sunset. It can only be Jesus coming and judging the saints.

“The day of the Lord Jesus” is not plural like “in the last days” used elsewhere. The single day here is Jesus’ second coming, and the plural “in the last days” is the time before his second coming. “The day of the Lord” contains the harvest that Jesus and the apostles taught, and Paul is using here. (Matthew 13:30, 39, 21:34, 41, 25:24, 26; Mark 4:29, 12:2; Luke 20:10; John 4:35-36; Romans 1:13; and 1 Corinthians 9:10-11; Galatians 6:9; Revelation 14:15-16) “The last days”, as Peter stated on Pentecost when he quoted Joel, started with Jesus’ death and resurrection, the day of Pentecost, and will end when Jesus comes on “the day of the Lord”. “The day of the Lord” starts the Lord’s one-thousand-year reign.

Apostle Paul says that he will boast of the Corinthian congregation on the day of the Lord Jesus. When I, like Paul, stand before Jesus to give an account of what I did with my life and the gifts given to me, what can I show to Jesus? What can I boast about? Jesus will say, “What did you do with the talents I gave you?” He will say this to all he calls. “He who is given much, much will be expected.”

Some who falsely portrayed themselves as super apostles were attacking Paul’s character. They claimed that the collection was not for the poor in Jerusalem as Paul claimed, but that Paul secretly planned to keep it for himself. They also claimed that Paul’s writing was unintelligible (13-14). The super apostles said these are the reasons why Paul did not arrive in Corinth as he had said he would in the previous letter. (1 Corinthians 16:5-6)

Paul defended his trustworthiness by appealing to the witness of his own conscience and to the Corinthians’ firsthand knowledge of his character. He had conducted himself in the world and the eighteen months while he was with them, in the holiness and sincerity that are from God and by the grace of God, not according to worldly wisdom.

The “day of the Lord Jesus” is often how the apostles refer to Jesus’ second coming as king and judge. We will all stand before the Bema Seat of Christ and give an account of our actions while in the flesh, just as Jesus revealed in “The Parable of the Shrewd Manager”. (Luke 16:2; Romans 14:10-12; Hebrews 13:17)

Therefore, I need to keep my character pure and sincere. When tempted to stray from these, I am to remember that God looks at my character. People determine a person’s character. Even children see a person’s character. Keep a noble character as Ruth did, who, it was said of, “All my fellow townsmen know that you are a woman of noble character.” (Ruth 3:11)

Apostle Paul, God’s chosen instrument to carry Jesus’ name before the Gentiles and before the people of Israel (Acts 9:15), did not live a life that some Christians today would define as “the blessed life” and “the abundant life”. While in the Roman province of Asia, which included the cities of Ephesus, Philadelphia, Colosse, Troas, and others, the apostle suffered hardships and felt the sentence of death in his heart. The great pressure was far beyond his ability to endure. He despaired even of life. Apostle Paul drank the cup of suffering that Jesus handed to him.

Paul received his suffering with mature faith. “This happened that we might not rely on ourselves but on God, who raised the dead.” He felt dead. He experienced, therefore, a sort of resurrection. God delivered Paul from such a deadly peril. We will drink the cup of suffering and death with Jesus. God, whom we have set our hope, will deliver us too.

When suffering comes, we should ask others to pray for God to deliver (11). I know many who do not want others to know when they suffer. They do not want others to know they are weak. So they do not ask others to pray. If they do not know, they will not pray, and they will not give thanks for the gracious favor granted us in answer to their prayers. What a shame that pride robs others of this gift.

“My Father, if it is not possible for this cup to be taken away unless I drink it, may your will be done,” so Jesus prayed on the eve of his suffering and death. (Matthew 26:42) Later that night, he took the cup and said during the Last Supper, “This cup is the new covenant in my blood; do this, whenever you drink it, in remembrance of me.” (1 Corinthians 11:25) All take the cup that Jesus drank from, and drink from it.

Imagine a cup with wine continually pouring into it and overflowing. Underneath the cup are more cups. The wine from the top cup spills into the cups below it. When they fill, they overflow into cups under them. This continues until a multitude of stacked cups fill and overflow, all receiving wine from the first cup, a pyramid of cups.

The wine that the cups receive is the sufferings and comfort of Christ (5). We share in sufferings (7; Acts 9:4; Colossians 1:24). The suffering comes first, and when we approach him, we receive his comfort. The comfort we are given is learned (6). “Although Jesus was a son, he learned obedience from what he suffered” (Hebrews 5:8)

The commandment we receive from the Son is love. Love and compassion are not part of the sinful, fallen nature. Apart from God, we did not know love. (1 John 3:10, 16) We need to learn love. And so we learn love through obedience. The wine of compassion we receive is learned and passed on. We drink from the cup of Christ as he taught us.

Today may contain a moment when the soul lies still, curled up in the smallest possible ball, seeking the serenity of the womb that the subconscious remembers. If not today, nature’s future holds a grave lament. Life in the world makes this promise to all. No one is spared the pang of these scorpions.

Those who believe that the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ has compassion for us are promised comfort when the soul slowly leaks onto the floor. The God and Father of the Lord, our Lord, Jesus Christ, is the Father of compassion and the God of all comfort. “Look, I see you. I know you. I am with you, providing comfort in all your troubles.”

“When you ascended on high, you led captives in your train; you received gifts from men, even from the rebellious– that you, O LORD God, might dwell there. Praise be to the Lord, to God our Savior, who daily bears our burdens.” (Psalm 68:18-19)

When he comforts us in all our troubles, let us not forget others. I can comfort those in any trouble with the comfort I myself have received from God. “Carry each other’s burdens, and in this way you will fulfill the law of Christ.” (Galatians 6:2)

Paul wrote this letter to the young congregation at Corinth shortly after the previous one. He wrote it as he neared the end of his third missionary journey in the very late 55 AD while residing in the Roman province of Macedonia. Paul wanted to visit Corinth to the south again, but had not done so, and thus explained and apologized for his delays.

Verses 21 and 22 are moving. God makes me “stand firm in Christ. He anointed (me), set his seal of ownership on (me), and put his Spirit in (my) heart as a deposit, guaranteeing what is to come.” God’s grace is wonderful and precious.

I am not the one who does any of this. God does it all. I am weak in faith, and my actions prove it. Yet God in his grace makes me stand firm in Christ.

When I accepted Jesus as my personal Savior and asked him to take full control of my life, God anointed me with the Holy Spirit. The Spirit entered me. It was something entirely new to me. It was pleasant, loving, powerful, and warm. I was anointed.

Seals of ownership are used to this day. A rancher’s seal of ownership is called a brand. He or she puts the brand on a metal plate. The plate is heated and pressed against the steer hide. This burns the brand on the steer. The brand is a claim of ownership.

God burned his brand on my hide. This is what happened when I first believed. God branded me with the Holy Spirit. Now, when the Holy Spirit moves in my spirit just as he did the day I first believed, I know that I am his and he is mine. I feel his guarantee of what is to come. These movements are small in comparison to what is to come. With them, I am encouraged to continue in troubles and hardship just as Paul did.

Five more believers in Jesus are mentioned in Paul’s closing remarks: Stephanas and his household, Fortunatus, Achaicus, Aquila, and Priscilla. Stephanas, Fortunatus, and Achaicus delivered the letter containing the Corinthian congregation’s questions to Paul (17, 7:1). Stephanas is Greek. Fortunatus is Latin. Achaicus is Latinized Greek. Aquila and Priscilla were a Messianic Jewish couple who at one time lived in Corinth, Greece (then called Achaia). They moved to Ephesus and maintained a house church there (19), where Paul was currently located.

The household of Stephanas were the first converts in what is modern-day Greece, then called Achaia (15). Acts records that the first converts in Greece were at Athens, Greece. Athens is around 42 miles (68 km) east of Corinth, Greece (Acts 17:34). Athens is on the route of Paul’s letter requesting the financial gift collection for the impoverished Jerusalem believers. So, the letter arrived at Athens first, where Stephanas lived, and then went to Corinth. The Corinthian reply retraced the trip through Athens back to Paul in Ephesus.

Apostle Paul says that Stephanas’ household is devoted to the service of the saints, and those at Corinth should submit to them. It seems that many in the Corinthian congregation who were proud of their gift of knowledge looked down on Stephanas and his household. Such a shame, but this is still common in congregations today. Flashy, proud perishiners look down on humble servants.

Paul purposely mentioned Aqula and Priscilla. Most likely, they were still respected by the Corinthian congregation because they housed the beginning of the Corinthian congregation, just like they were still doing in Ephesus, and just like Stephanas’ household was doing in Athens. As Paul told them, “God has combined the members of the body and has given greater honor to the parts that lacked it, so that there should be no division in the body, but that its parts should have equal concern for each other.” (12:24b-25)

Apostle Paul delivers five encouraging and heartening directives at the conclusion of this bitter scolding letter. “Be on your guard” was a phrase Paul received from Jesus. (Matthew 10:17, 16:6, 11-12; Mark 13:9, 23, 33; Luke 12:1, 15) I am a soldier on the wall of my soul and body seeking to repel the enemy’s spies, soldiers, seducers, and thieves.

“Stand firm in the faith” was a common call among the first church. (15:38; 2 Corinthians 1:21, 24; Galatians 5:1; Ephesians 6:14; Philippians 1:27, 4:1; Colossians 4:12; 2 Thessalonians 2:15; James 5:8). I am assigned to the front line, facing the enemy who has weapons in hand, anger and hate in their countenance, and threatening with forward charges.

“Be men of courage; be strong” was the Lord’s message to Joshua and Israel as they were about to cross into the promised land. (Deuteronomy 31:6-7, 23; Joshua 1:6-7, 9, 18, 10:25). I am a soldier sent out into the world to fight the good fight. Not with weapons of this world, but with faith, hope, and love. (1 Thessalonians 1:3, 5:8; 1 Timothy 1:18, 6:12; 2 Titus 4:7).

“Do everything in love” is Jesus’ command, “Love one another. As I have loved you, so you must love one another” (John 13:34). Paul went into great detail about the nature of love in chapter 13. The battles are fought in love. The war was won by love. In all these, a Christian differentiates themselves from the world. Be encouraged as we continue onward and upward.

Paul wanted to send Timothy with his letter to Corinth per 4:14-17. However, it appears that neither he nor Apollos (12) were compelled to return to the congregation, for Paul used the phrases, “if Timothy comes…” and speaking of Apollos, “I strongly urged him to go to you with the brothers. He was quite unwilling to go now…”

Timothy and Apollos had been there a few years earlier when the congregation was new. (Acts 18:5, 27, 19:1; 1 Thessalonians 3:6) They had friends in the Corinthian congregation. But now, they did not want to visit their friends. Why?

The two most probable reasons both did not want to visit Corinth were first, because the environment was hostile, with infighting and corruption, and second, because Timothy was timid and Apollos was more interested in an undefined opportunity than in dealing with the complicated issues at Corinth. They defaulted on the human impulse to avoid and put off the problem.

The result was Paul’s very long and detailed letter. I envision Paul, upon receiving the Corinthian delegation’s ill report (17), going first to Apollos to request him to go to help with their problems, then, when Apollos refused, Paul went to Timothy to go, and when he refused, and Paul himself was unable to go, Paul’s last resort was to answer them with a long, detailed rebuke in the form of this letter.

Life is weary enough without big problems stressing us even more. So, we ignore big problems, hoping they will either solve themselves, go away, or hope and pretend they are not as big a problem as we imagine. Perhaps they are not. Usually they are. No simple direction exists when they come except one: pray, pray, pray, and trust God. Be in his peace. Psalm 107:29-30 says, “He stilled the storm to a whisper; the waves of the sea were hushed. They were glad when it grew calm, and he guided them to their desired haven.”

An inciter to a depressing grey day is manifested in the mumbled thought, “Nothing ever goes my way.” A person makes plans that have good, right, and pleasant goals. When the goals are blocked, moved, and prove inadiquit, the mood turns from sunny rays to an overcast soul. We feel alone, perhaps even abandoned by God or good fortune. How can a bright, hopeful heart return?

Paul reveals his travel plans. He intended to strengthen the congregations and collect the charitable offerings for the suffering poor Christians in Israel. This seemed like a good plan. His plans allowed for unforeseen problems, for he used phrases like, “Perhaps I will…” and “if the Lord permits.” Paul knew from past oppositions against the Lord’s work through him, that even the best laid out plans, go ways we do not want and perhaps never expected.

Paul was correct in his expectation of troubles that would cause his plans to change. Verses 3 and 4 indicate that, at this time, Paul did not intend to return to Jerusalem with the offering. The letter to the Roman congregations, written while in his future brief stay in Corinth, indicated that his desire after bringing all the offerings together was to visit Rome. This did not happen for he said to the Ephesus elders he was “compelled by the Spirit” to go to Jerusalem, though “in every city the Holy Spirit warns me that prison and hardships are facing me.” (Acts 20:17, 22-23)

“Many are the plans in a man’s heart, but it is the LORD’s purpose that prevails.” (Proverbs 19:21). I make plans. I have intent. So, is it plausible to answer, “How then can anyone understand his own way?” while ignoring, “A person’s steps are directed by the LORD.”? (Proverbs 20:24) Can I say, “I make plans with intent, so yes, I know my own way?” I cannot when I understand, accept, and live by humble faith. Did I plan without asking God’s leading in time past to be where I am now, doing what I am doing now? Is this truly my construct? Am I now what I intended before? No. Absolutely not. I am now what my loving God intended before. Accept this, invites a bright, hopeful heart’s return.

Paul addresses the Corinthian congregation’s final question. They wanted to know how to collect money for God’s people in Israel. Paul had asked them for this charity in an earlier letter that we do not have. Those in need were poor, persecuted Jewish Christians in Jerusalem, Judea, Samaria, and Galilee. (Acts 8:1, 11:28, 44 or 46 A.D.)

Corinth was a Greek city in the Roman province of Achaia in Europe. Galatia, also involved in the charitable collection, was not (1). Galatia was a Roman province in central Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) in Asia. 2 Corinthians 8:1 and 9:1-2 reveal that the congregations in Macedonia were also collecting a charitable donation for the Jews in Israel. Macedonia in Europe was a Roman province north of Achaia province. Thessalonica was located in Macedonia. Cross-cultural giving was purposely prepared.

Paul wrote to them, “And over all these virtues put on love, which binds them all together in perfect unity.” (3:19) To the Roman congregation, he wrote, “Share with God’s people who are in need. Practice hospitality.” (Romans 12:13) Expressing love is to provide charity to fellow believers who are persecuted and/or in troubles not brought on by themselves.

Paul concludes his letter to the congregation at Corinth with an instruction, a personal request, and final greetings.

The Corinthian congregation met on the first day of the week, the day after the Sabbath, our Sunday, the day Jesus rose from the grave, and the day of Pentecost when the Holy Spirit was sent. (2; Acts 20:7; Revelation 1:10) Paul told them to gather together money to help the believers in Jerusalem and collect it during their regular Sunday meetings. (1-2) Judah, where poor persecuted Christians lived, was experiencing a severe drought. (Acts 8:1, 11:28, 44 or 46 A.D.) They were to plan and prepare according to their income to help fellow Christians. Helping other believers is a good part of life in Jesus.

Paul also encouraged hospitality toward traveling believers, such as Timothy, whom he was sending to them to deliver this letter. (10-11, 15-17) At times, I was stationary for many years and accepted others into my abode. Other times, I moved here and there often. Once in 15 months, I stayed at 8 different places. Some for a few days, others longer, and still others I visited more than once. Some of these times, the Lord’s people and family welcomed me in. Most of the time, I was alone renting. A few times, I had guests. It is good to open my home and share time with believers.

In light of Jesus’ resurrection, our bodily resurrection, and Christ’s ultimate victory, Christians should not be moved by worldly temptation. Rather, we should give ourselves fully to the work of the Lord.

Jesus sternly tells his disciples, “It’s like a man going away: He leaves his house and puts his servants in charge, each with his assigned task, and tells the one at the door to keep watch. Therefore, keep watch because you do not know when the owner of the house will come back–whether in the evening, or at midnight, or when the rooster crows, or at dawn. If he comes suddenly, do not let him find you sleeping. What I say to you, I say to everyone: ‘Watch!'” (Mark 13:34-37)

Yes, each one of Jesus’ disciples has been assigned work of the Lord. The work is “of the Lord”, not work for our food, shelter, and clothing. The Lord’s work is not for essential living needs, for our Father knows what we need. That is why Jesus told us, “Seek first God’s kingdom and his righteousness, and all these things will be given to you as well.” (Mark 6:32).

The Lord’s work is not in vain. Kingdom work is not pointless, does not lack substance, value, or lasting effect. The work that we do for King and Kingdom will last for eternity. Keep up the good fight.

Are eternal questions worthy of never-ending, deep thoughts? Perishable and imperishable? Mortality and immortality? Death, sin, law, and victory unto eternal life? Does a never-ending seeker desire to know the answer? Or does he love seeking so much that he refused to find the joy of meeting and embracing truth? Listen for the shout of truth.

Knowledge has no real satisfaction if it has no love of truth. Truth is the word that has been spoken from the beginning. But man does not love the truth. They are afraid of the truth. They hid and ran from the truth. The truth swallows up death in victory with one word. And the word is “It is finished.”

Another word will soon be spoken. I listen for that word. Deep thought is not needed. Concentration and cross-references need not be employed. Listen for the truth to speak again. “Rise up!” Truth will trumpet in victory, “Rise up!” Truth will sting, “Rise up!” I love the truth. The simple-minded find truth easier to accept than those who get lost in deep thoughts.

When will Jesus come again? A question that the prophets and even the apostles asked. Jesus’ reply was, “No one knows about the day or hour, not even the angels in heaven, nor the Son, but only the Father.” (Matthew 24:36; Mark 13:32) So, the apostles watched believing Jesus could come any minute for Paul wrote, “…when we will be changed”, including himself in the group who will still be alive when Jesus comes. Over 2,000 years have passed. Are you still watching?

Many false prophets since the early 1800s, in grave error, have predicted either Jesus’ second coming or the sound of the trumpet at the rapture -many in my lifetime. Sadly, the followers of those false prophets remain in the cults that formed around their false prophecies.

Apostle Paul repeats what Jesus taught. The saints’ change to an imperishable body will occur instantly, “in a flash”, at his coming. Jesus told a Pharisee who asked about the coming of the Kingdom of God, “For the Son of Man in his day will be like the lightning, which flashes and lights up the sky from one end to the other.” (Luke 17:24).

Apostle Paul also refers to Jesus and the prophets’ references to “the last trumpet”. (Leviticus 23:24, 25:9; Isaiah 18:3; Jeremiah 4:5, 31:27; Ezekiel 7:14; Joel 2:1, 15; Zechariah 9:14) Jesus said, “And he will send his angels with a loud trumpet call, and they will gather his elect from the four winds, from one end of the heavens to the other.” (Matthew 24:31). Paul had already wrote this to the congregation in Thessalonica). (1 Thessalonians 4:14-18)

Several years after Paul’s letters, Jesus revealed to the Apostle John that he would send seven angels with seven trumpets, “the last trumpet” blown is our transformation, when he comes again. (Revelation 11:15-19)

Do not be confused or misled. The book of Revelation is presented from a Semitic view, not a Western, consecutive, sequential view. On the day that Jesus comes, whenever that will be, “the last trumpet” will sound, “the dead in Christ will rise imperishable”, those who are alive “will be changed,” we will all meet Jesus in the sky as he descends to earth to establish his kingdom. (Revelation 8:1-5, 11:15-19, 16:17-21, 18:1-19:21 are all referring to the same time, the end). Therefore, keep aleart, keep watch, always be ready for we do not know the day or the hour.

The Holy Spirit inspired Apostle Paul to declare that flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God. “Flesh and blood” refers to people who are descendants of Adam and Eve, but are not born a second time, in Christ Jesus through the Spirit. As Jesus told Nicodemus, “No one can see the kingdom of God unless he is born again.” (John 3:3)

The “kingdom of God” is where God rules in sovereignty, more specifically it this chapter, it is refering to Jesus’ second coming with his people following him, and establishing his rule on earth (Matthew 6:9-10, 13:24, 31, 33, 44-45, 47, 20:1, 22, 25:1-46).

The Holy Spirit reveals through Paul that we “inherit” the kingdom of God. An inheritance comes only when someone dies. And so Christ died. With Jesus’ resurrection in glory, we inherit the kingdom of God. The author of Hebrews wrote, “For this reason Christ is the mediator of a new covenant, that those who are called may receive the promised eternal inheritance–now that he has died as a ransom to set them free from the sins committed under the first covenant.” (Hebrews 9:15)

Know this: if you accept and live by the gospel, then whether you are alive or asleep (physically dead) when Jesus comes, you will be changed, see Jesus as he is, and inherit the earth. Jesus has a place for you, and that place is very good, and that place is with him forever in a glorious resurrection body. You have an inheritance that will never spoil, rust, fade, or be stolen (Matthew 6:19-21).

God created the first man. “Man” is “Adam” in Hebrew (45; Genesis 1:26-27). Adam was formed from the dust of the earth and became a living being when the Lord God breathed life into his nostrils (Genesis 2:7). All people come from him and his wife, Eve.

Apostle Paul, led by the Spirit, reveals that Jesus is the last Adam. Jesus is in a newly created spiritual body, a life-giving spirit (45). When Jesus rose from the grave, he went to his Father (as presented in earlier BDBD) and was transformed into a glorious spiritual body, as he was transformed on the mount of transfiguration before Peter, James, and John (Matthew 17:1-8; Mark 9:2-8; 9:28-36). After his heavenly transformation, Jesus came from heaven (47) and appeared to his disciples, as mentioned in verses 5-8. Then he ascended into heaven, where he has been to this day.

Jesus is new life for those who have faith in him, for he is a life-giving spirit (45). We are born again, born of the Spirit (John 3:3-8, 16-21). When he comes from heaven, we will bear his likeness, as he is now in heaven (49). The contrast between the natural body and the spiritual body follows from their two representatives: Adam and Jesus.

Jesus promised, “For as the Father has life in himself, so he has granted the Son to have life in himself. And he has given him authority to judge because he is the Son of Man. Do not be amazed at this, for a time is coming when all who are in their graves will hear his voice and come out–those who have done good will rise to live, and those who have done evil will rise to be condemned.” (John 5:26-29)

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Do you want or need a part of your body changed, something that no matter what you do, you cannot seem to change, or simply, there is no way to change? Perhaps it is a matter of perspective. And one of these perspective changes is with believing and understanding the coming change for the believer in Christ.

Apostle Paul uses two phrases concerning the resurrected bodies awaiting the disciples of Jesus: “it is sown” and “it is raised”. As seeds are cultivated, so our bodies undergo cultivation. When we die, we are usually buried, and someday we will come forth from the earth with a new body. Though the average cell lifespan is seven to ten years, there is no need to be concerned about which cell it will be. That is just as silly a question to ask as the Corinthian congregation’s questions.

The present state of our resurrected body is as we are now: perishable, dishonorable, weak, and natural. The regenerated resurrected body will be raised imperishable, glorious, powerful, and spiritual. Most likely, the human cell will be perfected, though the cell we have now, with self-replication, membrane-skin, a skeleton, micromachines-organs, and a nucleus containing the supercomputer code DNA, is rather remarkable.

The resurrected body will be more than physical. It will also be spiritual. Apostle John wrote, “Dear friends, now we are children of God, and what we will be has not yet been made known. But we know that when he appears, we shall be like him, for we shall see him as he is.” (1 John 3:2)

We who believe in Jesus shall be like him. How is he? After writing this, John saw Jesus and gave an account of it in the book of Revelation. “I turned around to see the voice that was speaking to me. And when I turned, I saw seven golden lampstands, and among the lampstands was someone “like a son of man,” dressed in a robe reaching down to his feet and with a golden sash around his chest. His head and hair were white like wool, as white as snow, and his eyes were like blazing fire. His feet were like bronze glowing in a furnace, and his voice was like the sound of rushing waters. In his right hand, he held seven stars, and out of his mouth came a sharp double-edged sword. His face was like the sun shining in all its brilliance. When I saw him, I fell at his feet as though dead. Then he placed his right hand on me and said: ‘Do not be afraid. I am the First and the Last. I am the Living One; I was dead, and behold I am alive for ever and ever! And I hold the keys of death and Hades.'” (Revelation 1:12-18)

A change is coming. And that change will be you; your body will change.

When conversations and Bible studies address the coming bodily resurrection of the dead, a question of recognition is always brought up: “Will I recognize my family and friends? Will they recognize me?” It appears that the question is asked because of Paul’s three illustrations concerning the resurrection body. In reality, the person is afraid of being alone for eternity, forever searching for people they love.

Paul’s three illustrations are meant to answer the questions in verse 35, their disguised objection to the resurrection. The first illustration, the seed illustration, was considered in yesterday’s BDBD. The other two are in these verses: the vast array of animal bodies and all the bodies in space, what ancient writings, including the Bible, refer to as one of the heavens.

Apostle Paul’s point is that God has an infinite imagination and inexhaustible and irresistible power. He is not saying we will be like a seed, an animal, or one of the lights in the sky. He is only pointing out the foolishness of the people asking silly questions like the ones in verse 35. (2:6-10a; Romans 1:19-10, 6:6; 1 John 3:2)

Today, people ask questions about recognition. The question of recognition has the same root problem as the questions of some in the Corinthian congregation. They do not trust God. Therefore, do they know God? Worse yet, are they more concerned about recognition between them and their family and friends than Jesus and his Father?

The intimate presence of God takes all fear and sadness away. Jesus is the Prince of Peace. Isn’t his loving recognition better than a, “I don’t know you. Away from me?”

Furthermore, do you need to see your loved one to know they are in the next room? If they wear a costume, how long would it take you to recognize your spouse, children, and parents? A person is more than their looks. We will recognize the ones we love no matter their appearance. Paul defined love in chapter 13. Appearance is not in the long definition. Love remains no matter the appearance. God will not let us down. He knows us better than we know ourselves. He was the one who designed for use to be in a community with those we love.

Apostle Paul, still countering a claim coming from some in the Corinthian congregation that there is no resurrection of the dead (12), presents and addresses two questions that the “bad company” (33) was using as a clever mind trap, a disguised lie. They asked questions that most could not answer due to ignorance of God and the Bible (34).

“How are the dead raised? With what kind of body will they come?” they asked with a sly smile.

The corrupters implied that they knew the answer because they believed themselves gifted with knowledge. Their answer was, “You do not know, nor do you know anyone who does, because no one has ever seen anyone who has died come back to life and walk around. Yep, no zombies here. Therefore, resurrection from death does not exist.”

Apostle Paul responds, “How foolish!” He then proceeds to give the illustration of a seed. It dies, transforms, and amazingly becomes a healthy plant. How? God designed it to be that way.

Where did Paul get this? Jesus, who said, “I tell you the truth, unless a kernel of wheat falls to the ground and dies, it remains only a single seed. But if it dies, it produces many seeds.” (John 12:24) Beware, for the devil talks through many split tongues who try to humiliate and deceive God’s chosen people. (1 Peter 5:8)

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Associating with bad people will ruin decent people. This does not mean we should disregard Jesus’ example and prayer, “My prayer is not that you (God his Father) take them out of the world but that you protect them from the evil one. They are not of the world, even as I am not of it. Sanctify them by the truth; your word is truth. As you sent me into the world, I have sent them into the world.” (John 17:15-18) Jesus gave his disciples a mission to go into all the world. However, we are not to keep a continual association with the bad company.

Being misled has a negative effect on oneself, others, one’s character, and on the peace of mind and heart. Worse still, bad company can hinder our relationship with Jesus. That is why Jesus prayed for his disciples to be “sanctified by the truth”. He also said, “Be on your guard against the yearst of the Pharisees, Sadducees, and that of Herod” (Matthew 16:6, 12; Mark 8:15; Luke 12:1).