Blog -Bible Daily Bread Devotional (BDBD)

A cult is a religion or religious sect of Christianity generally considered to be extremist and false, with its followers often living unconventionally under the guidance of an authoritarian, charismatic leader. Apostle Paul refers to the leaders as apostles and workmen, but calls them false, deceitful, and masqueraders. They are the same as Satan, the Adversary, as his name means, who disguises himself as an angel of light. Like him, the deceptive false pastors disguise themselves as servants of righteousness. Their end will be what their actions deserve. (15)

Some traits of a cult are imposing rituals, rules, and punishments, often extreme. Obedience proves loyalty, and disobedience proves disloyalty that is usually dealt with publicly. Another common trait is special privilege for the elite, including access to wealth and possessions that are limited for others. Another common trait has to do with sex and marriage that does not conform to the Bible. One final trait is a lack of love and an oversupply of strife and interpersonal problems. Paul deals with these problems in the Corinthian congregation because that is what the false apostles and teachers had brought with their teachings.

The best way to deal with being in a cult is to leave. Many remain in one despite being miserable for several reasons, one being a deep-seated belief that “the world outside” is full of trouble, hardship, and evil people. They forget that they are already experiencing that and more. They delude themself in believing they can change the cult from within. This has never happened in history. Never. Leave; go to a congregation committed to Jesus, love, and truth. Pray for those who remain to be saved. (John 10:25-30; 1 John 3:10, 16-20)

How did Paul identify the “super-apostles” and their gospel as false? How can I identify a false Jesus, a false Spirit, and a false gospel? The Corinthian congregation did not have a New Testament as I do. Most had not been written down in a codex (the precursor to the bound book). They did have Paul’s letters like 1 & 2 Thessalonians, James’ letter, and the apostles’ verbal teachings relaying what Jesus taught. The gospels were still being written. Paul wanted them to weigh the “super-apostles” teachings against the ones the apostles were teaching, the Spirit they received, and the gospel they heard and believed from the beginning (4).

Paul reminded them of the gospel they first heard and took their stand in his first letter to them in chapter 15. According to 11:22 in this letter, the “super-apostles” were Jews presenting a Jesus cast in the mold of Judaistic teaching. They focused on ceremony, keeping to Old Covenant Laws, and Jewish traditions to earn salvation. These are part of a false gospel, and they go against Jesus’ teachings.

The method of presentation is not as important as what is presented. (6) Paul was not a trained speaker, using the skills, references, and flourishes of professional rhetoric. His adversaries used a professional type of oratory as their stock in trade. Paul’s gift was knowledge, not only of Christ and Scriptures, but of human nature and the world God created.

So, as I listen and read what people who claim to be Christian present, I need to weigh it against the Bible, especially what the apostles wrote in the New Testament, for Jesus fulfilled and nullified the Old Testament. In doing so, I will not be led astray.

Apostle Paul had finished the previous chapter by boasting about his ministry of reconciliation, which led to their faith in Christ and the formation of the Corinthian congregation (10:12-18). He acknowledged that the Lord Jesus made everything possible and did all the real work (10:17-18). Paul knew that boasting was foolishness, but his reason to do so had the intent to bring those in the congregation back to sound thinking and faith. (1)

Paul supplies a common Biblical illustration to enforce his intent. He equated himself as a best man, as John the Baptist had, and a father of the bride who walks his daughter to the groom during a wedding ceremony (unique to Christianity). (2) A father presents his daughter as a virgin bride to his soon-to-be son-in-law. She is radiant and pure. Paul had earlier stated he would brag about them during his examination before Christ’s judgment seat. He wants to present them pure and blameless to Christ (2).

Men came to their congregations claiming to be “super-apostles”. They were deceiving the congregation with a serpent’s cunning tongue. (3) Paul was afraid that the congregation would be deceived as Eve was, and she sinned. They needed their feet cleaned, just as Jesus cleaned the feet of his apostles during the Last Supper. (John 13:10-11) Paul bragged about his mission of reconciliation while he was with them to change their minds and hearts. (3)

Is my heart pure? Do I need my feet clean? Time always exists to examine every part of my mind and heart to see what needs to be cleaned. The Holy Spirit reveals the need for change and gives me the will, power, and ability to do it.

There is a time for everything, including boasting. A day will come when we will be able to boast about our work obeying the gospel. The time of the gospel is when efforts are made to expand the work of the gospel. Paul would boast, but only within the field God had assigned to him (13). His field was assigned when the Lord Jesus called him. He was sent to the Gentiles, and throughout his ministry, the Holy Spirit led him to the field where he was to share the gospel and raise those who believed to grow into mature believers in Jesus.

Paul got as far as Corinth in his ministry of reconciliation. (14) He had not yet gone beyond to Rome and Spain, though he wanted and prayed to. (15a; Romans 15:23-33) he hoped that as the congregation in Corinth continued to grow, his area of activity among then will greatly expand, so that he would entrust the leadership to the local congregation and move on to other places. (15b-16)

So when is the day to boast of the gospel work? The time to boast of the work done is at the judgment seat of Christ. All must stand before Jesus and give an account of the things done while in the flesh. Several of Jesus’ parables teach this. (Luke 16:2) Romans 14:10-12 says, “You, then, why do you judge your brother? Or why do you look down on your brother? For we will all stand before God’s judgment seat. It is written: ‘As surely as I live,’ says the Lord, ‘every knee will bow before me; every tongue will confess to God.’ So then, each of us will give an account of himself to God.” Hebrews 13:17 says leaders “must give an account.” Will you be able to boast that you advanced the gospel?

A way to self-improve is to use comparative analysis. Comparative analysis is taking two or more things and comparing how they are alike and different. Some people use comparative analysis for self-improvement, and unfortunately, others use it for self-condemnation. A wise competitive runner and swimmer compare their times from one trial to the next to determine whether their training regimen is improving.

A human habit that knows no bounds of time, society, and race is comparing ourselves with others. In particular, we compare our actions with others. The self-delusional person who believes they are the pinnacle of perfection will compare themselves to themselves, meaning they measure themselves by their own rules, which they can easily keep. The one-eyed do not compare themselves to people with two eyes; they compare themselves with the blind. They compare themselves to birds of a feather and say, “Aren’t I fine!” Worse yet, they compare themselves with a false standard and look down on those who did not follow the false standard.

The false teachers and prophets in Corinth were unwisely using comparative analysis in these false ways and commending themselves. Paul would have nothing to do with it.

Can a Christian utilize comparative analysis correctly? Besides the one already mentioned, yes! We can compare ourselves to Christ Jesus. We can determine if our thoughts and actions mimic those of Christ. I can keep my eyes on Jesus, the author and perfecter of my faith. Jesus says, “I have set you an example that you should do as I have done for you. I tell you the truth, no servant is greater than his master, nor is a messenger greater than the one who sent him. Now that you know these things, you will be blessed if you do them.” (John 13:15-17)

How many have been accused of making pretenses or false advertising and proven true? How many claim to be one thing and are not, motivated by ill profit? People at one time said, “What you see is what you get.” Often what is presented is not what is promised and expected. So, we go about not believing what is said, and when someone says, “Their bark is worse than their bite,” we believe it. These truths are learned in every generation, including Paul’s.

While Paul was away from Corinth for nearly two years, some well-dressed, slick tongues came into the congregation saying, “Paul’s letters are weighty and forceful, but in person he is unimpressive, and his speaking amounts to nothing.” (10) They were doing all they could to get their hands on the offering collected for the poor.

Paul’s speech and writing were plain, straightforward, and free from artificiality. Paul did not charge for his letters or oratory. The charitable gift was not for himself. So his detractors said, “His words are worthless,” meaning he couldn’t get a cent for it, so he gives it free of charge. “He talks tough, but he is a weakling in person.”

“Not so,” replies Paul. (11) When I arrive, if you keep this lip smacking up, you will realize your error and their deception.

From the beginning, some thirty years ago, I decided that FreeBibleStudyHelp.com would not charge, not advertise, and not collect and sell personal information. I also decided to present the Bible study materials as it says, without denominational influence, and not to sweeten it so more people would come. As time has passed, I am not ashamed of that decision, and I still work at keeping to that personal promise even though people don’t pay for things; they often get the impression that it is cheap. So, be it. FreeBibleStudyHelp.com will remain free, and the truth will be presented even though sometimes Jesus’ words, “Repent or perish,” are kept on the site.

In times such as ours, when authority is misused in government, business, education, and even the church, I need to set an example of what God says about authority. Paul stated clearly that the Lord came to him in a vision while he was on his way to persecute Christians in Damascus. Jesus told him to go to Damascus, and he would be told what he must do. Paul obeyed, learned of his mission, and thus received the authority for it. (Acts 9:1-18)

Paul said that God gives authority, “for building you up rather than pulling you down.” The primary purpose of Paul’s apostolic authority is constructive, for building up, not destructive, for pulling down (the same statement is made again in 13:10). The demands he makes in his letters are written so that they may put right what is amiss and so that things may be proper for his arrival, thus removing the need for severe action (pulling down) and preparing the way for edification (building up).

All authority is located in God is the uniform witness of the Bible. People possess authority only as the Lord gives it (Rom. 13:1). Religious authority derives from the authority of the Father, as that authority is revealed in the Son, manifested by the Holy Spirit, and given to the church and the world through the Bible. While different approaches to that authority existed in church history and are practiced today, Scripture says all legitimate authority comes directly or indirectly from God.

Such a position will have obvious implications for contemporary Christian faith and practice. The church and its ministry possess genuine religious authority only as they serve the mission of Jesus in faithfulness to the Bible and in building up the church (Matt. 28:18-20). The Christian accepts the truth of Scripture as authoritative by faith, and the command of Scripture as authoritative in obedience, and so demonstrates love for the Lord (John 14:15).

Who is on the side of the truth of Christ and who is not can be determined by the weapons they utilize. Words are the weapons of both sides. Jesus told Pilate that the reason he was born, the reason he came into the world, was to testify to the truth. (John 18:37) Jesus’ double-edged sword is the word coming from his sharp tongue. (Hebrews 4:12; Revelation 1:16, 2:12, 16, 19:15, 21) The weapons of this world (Satan and his followers) are lies (often sprinkled with truth), deception, gossip, quarreling, satire, sarcasm, and cruel words. (12:20; Proverbs 16:28, 19:22, 20:19; John 8:44; 2 John 1:7)

The motivation that compels one to speak determines what is said. How words are said may not be as determinate as what is being said, for lies can be stated with a soft, sweet tongue and the truth can be shouted from the wilderness (Matthew 3:1, 7-12; Luke 3:7-9, 18-19).

The motivation of those representing the truth of Christ is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness,  gentleness, and self-control. (Galatians 5:22-23). The motivation of those not on the side of truth is “sexual immorality, impurity and debauchery, idolatry and witchcraft, hatred, discord, jealousy, fits of rage, selfish ambition, dissensions, factions and envy, drunkenness, orgies, and the like.” (Galatians 5:19-21)

Though the people of the truth live in the world, meaning interacting with others, we do not wage war as the world does. (3) Jesus commands me to interact with the world as his ambassador, witnessing to the truth. So examine myself. How do I engage with the world? What are my motives? I have been given divine power to demolish strongholds through the word of God. (4b) Is my heart and mind engaged properly in battles?

Is Apostle Paul making a threat, a warning, or presenting a proposal to the Corinthian congregation in these two verses? Since he is begging them (2), Paul is not threatening them. So, is this a warning or proposal?

Since Paul confesses that his words are in the meekness and gentleness of Christ, this is not even a warning. Rather, Paul is giving them a chance to correct those who have been claiming he lives “by the standards of the world”.

What did they mean by claiming Paul lived “by the standards of this world”? Other translations include “according to the flesh”, “in an unspiritual way”, and “guided by human motives”. The meaning depends on who is making the claim. The rest of the chapter through chapter 12 makes it clear that legalistic judgment teachers are saying that Paul is living sinfully, meaning he does not keep the Law given through Moses. The religious leaders made the same claim about Jesus, and soon they would try to kill Paul in Jerusalem because he “teaches all men everywhere against our people and our law and this place.” (Acts 21:28)

Even today, some who claim Christ cannot or do not distinguish between the rules of men, the former Old Covenant, and the superior New Covenant made in the blood of Christ. They honor the old and set aside the new, and anyone who does not live by their rules, they make the same claim as Apostle Paul’s detractors. Not only that, they sit in the seat of judgment, condemning all who “violate the laws of Moses”. When the one appointed to judge by God comes, what will he say? I need to keep my heart meek and gentle by remaining yoked with Jesus. (Matthew 11:29)

Paul expends most of the chapter explaining and defending his ministry of reconciliation. Others, especially from within the church, were trying to undermine him and his ministry. Verses 3 through 6 stand out. Here Paul defines his work allegorically. He sees his ministry as a spiritual war.

Jesus told his disciples, “Go into all the world and preach the gospel to all creation. Whoever believes and is baptized will be saved, but whoever does not believe will be condemned.” (Mark 6:15-16) Paul’s mission obeyed this imperative. Specifically, Jesus told him through Ananias at the mission call, “This man is my chosen instrument to proclaim my name to the Gentiles and their kings and to the people of Israel.” (Acts 9:15-16)

Paul equates preaching the good news and proclaiming Jesus’ name as waging a spiritual war. When I do so, whether through word or action, I am fighting the good fight.

Human war in this world physically destroys, harms, tears down, and kills. The weapons used to fight a physical battle include the tongue, hands, legs, swords, arrows, guns, gas, bombs, and many other types of physical malicious devices. The spiritual war does not use these weapons (4).

The spiritual fight is with words and loving actions. Whenever I follow Jesus’ example and apply his teaching, I am using spiritual weapons. Jesus’s words are divine power ready for my use (5), but only when led by the Spirit in love.

I do not always want to fight the good fight. Sometimes I am tired, lazy, and selfish. It is then that I become vulnerable to defeat. Thank God that he is the source of unending power. When I am weak, He is strong and enables me to fight on.

Paul compares charitable giving to a farmer sowing seeds. He borrowed and expounded upon Jesus’ “Parable of the Sower”. (Matthew 13:1-23; Mark 14:1-14; Luke 8:1-15) In that parable, a farmer scattered seed on four different types of soil. Only one produced a crop. The point of the parable is to be the good soil that produces a crop.

Paul expounded on being the good soil that produced a hundredfold crop and included the concept behind the “Parable of Ten Minas” (Luke 19:11-27). The point of that parable was to make a great profit from what the Lord God has given.

“Whoever sows sparingly will also reap sparingly, and whoever sows generously will also reap generously”. (6; Proverbs 11:18, 22:9) Through God’s abounding grace, God can enable each Christian to abound in generous deeds. The pockets of frequent hands that give to the needy do not wear out.

Steady steps walk a mile. One mile turns into two, so soon, tens of thousands of footsteps, reach the goal.

The Corinthian congregation, as soon as they received news that fellow congregations in Judea were experiencing a drought and persecution, responded by preparing a donation. Sometime later, evil people entered their congregation, posing as important church leaders, and convinced them to keep the money for themselves because the report had been falsified by the Apostle Paul. The Corinthian congregation believed the false teachers’ lies and stopped collecting the charitable collection. They stopped their promised walk.

A year later, Paul sent word that other congregations were finishing up their collection and would soon arrive in Corinth to combine their offerings into one lump sum. What should have been an easy walk if they had set aside proper time now turned into a running march against time to reach their promised goals. They would fall into embarrassment if they didn’t collect what they had promised.

Therefore, Apostle Paul wrote, “I thought it necessary to urge the brothers to visit you in advance and finish the arrangements for the generous gift you had promised. Then it will be ready as a generous gift, not as one grudgingly given.” (5) Do not put off to tomorrow what can be done today.

Understanding what transpired before Paul wrote this letter clarifies an important concept Jesus taught his disciples in Matthew 21:28-32. Paul had learned of the drought and persecutions the congregations in Judea and Jerusalem had experienced a year before this letter. The Lord inspired Paul to collect a charitable gift from the Gentile congregations. So he sent word out, hoping they would voluntarily provide financial assistance to their brothers and sisters in Christ. The Corinthian congregation was the first to respond affirmatively.

The congregation gave a series of questions to Titus, asking him to give them to Paul to answer. Upon delivering the questions, Titus told Paul that Corinth had begun collecting the charitable gift. Paul answered Corinth’s questions with 1st Corinthians. Titus delivered the letter, which was received well. However, Titus noticed that they had stopped collecting the charitable gift. He reported this to Paul as well as information about the false prophets and teachers. Paul responded with 2nd Corinthians. In 8:10-11, he encouraged them to finish the work of collecting the offering. Starting without finishing is unacceptable and embarrassing.

Jesus taught this to the religious leaders in the “Parable of the Two Sons” (Matthew 21:28-32). Jesus concluded with, “‘Which of the two did what his father wanted?’

“‘The first,’ they answered.

“Jesus said to them, ‘I tell you the truth, the tax collectors and the prostitutes are entering the kingdom of God ahead of you. For John came to you to show you the way of righteousness, and you did not believe him, but the tax collectors and the prostitutes did. And even after you saw this, you did not repent and believe him.'”

The religious leaders looked like they started well. But because they did not finish by accepting the Messiah, they would not enter the kingdom of God. Listen to what Jesus teaches. Finish your walk of faith.

The Bible distinguishes between charity and tithing. Tithing is giving ten percent back to what God has graciously given. Tithing can require faith at times. Yet still, tithing is a command, and not without God’s promise. (Leviticus 27:30-33; Malachi 3:8-12) Tithing predates the Old Covenant law, as Cain and Abel presented offerings to the Lord God before the flood. (Genesis 4:1-7)

Apostle Paul was not gathering a tithe to send off to the head church. This did not exist until a few centuries later. Rather, Paul was arranging a charitable gift to the poor and needy in Jerusalem and Judea. Charity is as ancient as tithing. Abraham displayed charity by providing food for three traveling strangers. (Genesis 18:1-8)

Paul did not command the congregation to make a collection for the poor in another nation, for it was charity. (8) Rather, to protect their honor, he encouraged them to keep the promise they made a year earlier and finish what they started. The other churches knew of their promised commitment. If they did not follow through, they would be humiliated by the poorer congregations in Macedonia who eagerly and joyfully gave. (10-12)

After reminding Corinth of Jesus’ willingness to leave riches to go to poverty for our sake (9), Paul advises them to give as they are able within their means, and in the future, the riches the Jewish believers in Jesus have will help them. (14-15) Consider this: charity forced in any way, including humiliation and rebuke, is not giving in love, and is therefore turning into an obligation. For charity without love is not charity at all.

Apostle Paul concluded his previous thoughts by saying in 7:12-16 that he had bragged to Titus before he delivered the first letter to Corinth about the congregation at Corinth. Paul said they were devoted to him and would follow his direction, as hard as it was. Paul told Titus they would, and their positive response to Paul’s first letter refreshed Titus. When this report reached Corinth in the second letter, the Corinthian congregation’s pride was bolstered.

Then, with bolstered pride, in 8:1-7, Paul bragged about the Macedonian churches’ offering for the poor in Judea. First-century Greeks were loyal and proud first and foremost of their cities. The Macedonian churches were in cities less wealthy than Corinth. Paul said the congregation was “extremely poor”. (2) They had also experienced greater persecution than Corinth (2). Still, the Macedonian churches gave freely, joyously, and generously. Paul said they “urgently pleaded for the privilege of sharing in this service to the saints” (4).

Paul sent Titus back to Corinth with this message and stated, “See that you also excel in this grace of giving”. (7) Paul seems to be using competitive pride to compel the congregation at Corinth further to do the right thing.

The Ancient Greek Olympian and Corinth Isthmian games were as competitive as modern sports. Paul directly or indirectly used competition for positive results. Some might consider this wrong, but here seems to be an example where Paul did not. Competition can be used for good, but like everything else, competition can also be used incorrectly.

Challenge someone to a duel of reading the Bible in a year, or praying daily for a common goal in a given amount of time, or visiting a hospital, prison, or hospice together every day for a month in the name of Christ. Hold each other accountable. Isn’t this an example of positive competition?

Paul is continuing the instruction of giving to the poor, suffering believers in Judea that he started in chapter 8. The principle that when I give to the poor, God supplies me back and increases my money and makes me more profitable is introduced (12). This is true. Yet, not all the time is it applied correctly.

What I mean is this: the believers in Judea were poor. The Gentile believers had money. Does that mean that the Judeans did not have faith in Jesus or that God was not pleased with them and their giving? No. Does this mean that God was happier with the Gentiles and their giving? No.

Jesus was poor, and he is the Son of God. The apostles were poor, handpicked by Jesus, and God performed miracles through them. My faith should not be measured by my wealth. If this were a true measure, then Caesar and Hitler were blessed more than everyone. They were not. They were evil.

I should not give to the poor as a measure of my spirituality nor as a financial investment (6-7). I have heard messages that present these false beliefs. Rather, I should give lovingly because someone is in need. I am to be happy to help, and I should not be concerned that God won’t meet my needs too.

The eastern shore of the Mediterranean was experiencing a drought. The Judean churches were experiencing hardships not only because of the drought but also because they were ousted from the synagogues, forbidden from taking some jobs (i.e., priests), and became social outcasts. Paul was coordinating a free-will gift from the Gentile churches to help their brothers in the Lord in Judea (4, 10).

Charity is something that Jesus taught his people through his life and in his words. Jesus created everything. His Father gave him everything. He is the ruler of all. He could have done anything he wanted. He chose to leave everything to save me and the whole world. Though the Lord Jesus Christ was rich, yet for my sake, he became poor, so that through his poverty I became rich (9). Humanly I am not rich. In fact, I am quite poor. Yet spiritually I am rich, and when my physical body ends I will be a co-owner of everything.

God does not want anyone to give charity beyond their ability (12). I am not to make myself poor so that the poor might be made rich (14-15). Many become rich at the expense of others in the name of charity and in the name of God. Just because God is mentioned in a charity pitch does not make it from God, nor does it make it holy, right, and good. Also, giving money and time may be harmful to the one I give to. So I am careful in my charity giving.

Ancient Christian Steps -based on John Cassian’s (360-435 A.D.) “The Rule of the Master” (5th century A.D.), the source of St. Benedict’s (480-530 A.D.) “12 Steps of Humility”, chapter 7 of the book “The Rule” (6th century A.D.). John Cassian’s concepts are drawn from the ascetic traditions of the “Egyptian Desert Fathers,” monks who date back to the 2nd century A.D., and are based on Luke’s Gospel, Proverbs, and 2 Corinthians 7:8-11.

A. Receive the Gospel

B. Accept the Gospel

1. Accept and be sorry for self induced sinned, separating oneself from the Loving God, and inability to do anything to remove that sin with one’s own ability. Fear God’s judgment of my guilt.   
2. Accept that only the Benevolent God can remove my sin and guilt through Jesus’ selfless sacrifice in my place. Accept the Gracious God’s unmerited forgiveness.   
3. Admit my sin and helpless state to Merciful God, knowing Righteous God is just in his judgment. Humble yourself before Almighty God.   
4. Ask Righteous and Loving God to remove my sin and give hope for eternal life in union with Christ Jesus. Ask for forgiveness for all sin. Ask Just God to establish a righteous relationship with him through his One and Only Son, Jesus.   
5. Ask Omnipotent God to take absolute and total control of my life. State, “I submit all control of my life totally over to the One and Only Lord God Almighty. I will obey God’s will and word.”

C. Begin Active Change

1. Pray, read and study the Holy Bible, meditate on God and the Bible, and worship God your Father regularly.   
2. Attend a Bible-believing and loving congregation for corporate worship and fellowship.   
3. Persevere in the strength of God’s Spirit during hardship, persecution, and trouble. Remember the hope of eternal life in Christ Jesus.   
4. Take a moral inventory according to the Bible, admitting wrong especially regarding your actions toward other people. Morality’s basis is Jesus’ love and righteousness.   
5. Ask God to help working to stop doing wrong and start doing right. Make positive changes, especially regarding love towards others and hating sin in yourself.   
6. Ask God to help make needed character changes as you make positive changes.   
7. Seek to make amends with people harmed because of your sinful and selfish ways, but only when they are open to it.   
8. Help people in love and respect as God directs. Find God’s place for you to serve his church, even in minimal tasks, not for self-benefit, but for the benefit of others, whether all or for one.   
9. Be ready to kindly and respectfully share your faith in Jesus and what you believe, defend the weak and helpless, and refrain from selfish praise.   
10. Dress and appear modestly while not being eccentric so that your presentation does not hinder your witness about Jesus and what you believe.

Lately, I have come to passages in this letter that I find hard to apply or make fresh. This is one of them. Paul tends to repeat himself, as he does in 2-4. Added to that, the subject matter started in 2:12-13; Paul has deviated from it until now, when he returns to it in 7:5-7.

So, here is a synopsis of worthy points from verses 2-4: wrong no one, corrupt no one, exploit no one, and condemn no one. Opposing these are: live and die for others, have great confidence in believers, be greatly encouraged by another’s faith, and in all our troubles our joy knows no bounds.

Concerning the last declaration, “in all our troubles our joy knows no bounds,” Paul expands upon that in verses 5-7. Paul stated in 2:14-15 that after he wrote the first letter to the congregation at Corinth, he began his circular trip to the congregations to collect the aid offering for the poor in Jerusalem. He had no peace of mind then because he was hoping to get a report about Corinth’s reception of the first letter from Titus. However, Titus was not in Troas, so he lacked peace.

Also, he says his body had no rest, but was harassed on every turn (5). Yet, here Paul declares that, despite these and other troubles, his joy knows no bounds. This reminds me of the peace that surpasses understanding (Philippians 4:7). God comforts the downcast (6). The takeaway to personalize is a contradiction believers experience, as Jesus said, “In this world you will have trouble… my peace I give you. I do not give you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid… take heart, I have overcome the world.” (John 14:27, 16:33)

If Apostle Paul was a coward in his youth, the power of God overcame his cowardice as a servant of God. Paul did not show ignoble fear in the face of troubles, hardships, and distress. (4b) God enabled Paul to have great endurance.

Three troubles Paul lists that he endured are beatings, imprisonments, and riots. (5a) Only a few months earlier, while in Ephesus, a riot broke out due to a silversmith named Demetrius, who made silver shrines of the idol Artemis. Demetrius was losing money because people were renouncing paganism and becoming Christians. Paul was forced to leave the city he had made his home for several years. (Acts 19:1-20:1. See also Acts 16:22 for beatings.)

Three hardships Paul lists here are hard work, sleepless nights, and hunger. (5b) Paul was a layman missionary. (Acts 18:1-4) His often forced travels caused him to sleep in the wilderness, which left him sleepless and hungry. (Acts 16:6-12, 17:10, 14-15)

Apostle Paul does not detail the distress he endured. The Greek noun Paul used for distress describes the emotional and spiritual anguish of being trapped by oppressive circumstances with no room to move or escape, resulting in feelings of severe distress or calamity. Rather than stating the distresses he endured due to the troubles and hardships, Paul states the opposing forces God gave him to combat the distress. Verse 6 states some of the gifts of the Holy Spirit: purity, understanding, patience, kindness, and love. (John 14:26, 15:26; Galatians 5:22-23)

God does not raise cowards who watch as others propagate hate, subvert the truth, and deceive people into believing lies, as some were doing in Corinth. God does not abandon his children to troubles, hardships, and distresses without means to overcome. To many who proclaim the name among those they trust, are quiet and cower among those they do not know.

Paul wanted to live an exemplary life so as not to discredit the ministry of reconciliation he was called to. (4, 5:18) If I talk the talk but do not walk the walk, then, as people notice my contradictory walk, they will not listen to my reconciliatory talk. When I repeat Jesus’ message of turning to God, but show that I have not turned to God, then why would they turn to God?

Living the walk that Jesus taught in a world that continues to fall into the pit of hate towards those who live to please Christ is one that faces troubles, hardships, and distress. The world shames us for doing the right thing. We are tempted to leave stumbling blocks in their path. However, Jesus says, “Things that cause people to sin are bound to come, but woe to that person through whom they come. It would be better for him to be thrown into the sea with a millstone tied around his neck than for him to cause one of these little ones to sin. So watch yourselves.” (Luke 17:1-3)

So, as servants of God, we commend ourselves in every way. (4a) The apostles not only gave no offense in anything, but they labored to manifest themselves to be the genuine ministers of God, in much patience, bearing calmly up under the most painful and oppressive afflictions. Jesus tells us, “All men will hate you because of me, but he who stands firm to the end will be saved.” (Matthew 10:22; Mark 13:13; Luke 21:17; John 15:20-21)

Every human who has ever lived has experienced events they never wanted to happen, whether self-imposed or due to nothing they had done or failed to do. In this world, everyone has troubles. Added to that some suffer from frequent depression. Troubles rebuff even the strongest souls.

Jesus’ apostles experienced perhaps some of the worst life events. Paul lists some of his life pains here. They included troubles, hardships, distress, beatings, imprisonment, riots, hard work, sleeplessness, hunger, dishonor, bad report, being regarded as an impostor, being unknown, dying, sorrow, poverty, and having nothing. Paul lists his responses in these verses.

My response to everything that happens to me, whether wanted or unwanted, is important. I can choose now not to let future events dictate my response to them. I could attempt to train my will to be set to positive and my mind to be alert ahead of time. I could commend my soul to be preset to “great endurance” (4). I would do this as a mental and emotional wall to guard against attacks on my positive inner well-being.

As wise as that sounds, I have come to realize that an attitude of no surrender to any future troubling hardships is sometimes not enough. Some mornings, I wake up feeling refreshed and strong-willed. The wall of defense is strong.

Other mornings, I wake up feeling like buttered popcorn left out all night. I wake up fatigued and melancholy. I have never been a morning person. Even on the mornings when I am raring to take on and overcome any obstacle, there is always the possibility that a major unexpected tragedy that no one could muscle up a strong will to overcome will transpire. What then?

Paul wrote here that he endured, “in the Holy Spirit and in sincere love” (6) and “in the power of God” (7). I have discovered that every morning, especially the melancholy ones, when I turn my mind, my emotions, and my will to God even for a minute or 30, the soul’s wall of defense is built on solid rock. It is less likely to fall, and I will be less likely to be overrun by deadly emotions and thoughts.

Jesus taught in a parable that he is a solid rock to build on. Going daily to Jesus before troubles come, I will not be overcome because my wall of defense is built on solid ground. I will not be destroyed. (Matt. 7:24-27) “The Lord is my rock, my fortress, and my deliverer; my God is my rock, in whom I take refuge, my shield and the horn of my salvation, my stronghold.” (Psalms 18:2, 27:5, 40:2, 62:4)

Apostle Paul continues his logic with a transitional statement, “Since, then, we know what it is to fear the Lord, we try to persuade men.” “Fear” is the Greek noun “phobos”. The English words “fear” and “terror” are used to translate several Hebrew and Greek words. In the Old Testament, the most common word used is “yirah”. (Isa. 7:25; Jonah 1:10,16). In the New Testament, the word used most often is “phobos” which means “fear”, “dread”, and “terror” (Matt. 28:4; Luke 21:26). Religious fear, unlike secular fear, is the fallen human response to the presence of God.

Some Christians tend to de-emphasize the fear of God in the New Testament by placing the love of God above the fear of God. There is indeed a greater emphasis on the love of God in the New Testament. However, the element of fear was part of the proclamation of the early church.

Paul admonished believers to work out their salvation “with fear and trembling” (Phil. 2:12). The early church grew in number as they lived “in the fear of the Lord” (Acts 9:31). The fear of God is related to the love of God. The revelation of God to people in the New Testament contains the element of God’s mysterious otherness, calling for reverent obedience. The New Testament church stands in awe and fear in the presence of a holy God, for fear is “the whole duty of man” (Eccl. 12:13).

Paul’s summary statement about knowing what it is to fear the Lord relates back to all standing before the judgment seat of Christ to give an account of the thoughts and actions committed while in this life (10). Paul says “we,” including himself. Does your confession of faith in Jesus include knowing the fear of the Lord?

I had estranged myself from God. I did this by not believing he loves me and that his ways are best. I harbored lust, envy, greed, and other kinds of godlessness in my heart. I thought about these and occasionally acted on those thoughts. God told me not to do these, for they were harmful. Yet, I did not accept his good and wise direction. I had a form of religion without the true God leading me. I sinned.

Then, I read about Jesus. God showed me that Jesus reconciled me to God (19). Through Jesus, God does not hold my sins against me. He takes them away through Jesus (14-15).

Jesus had no sin. Yet, when he was on the cross, he accepted my and everyone else’s sin into himself (21). So, he who had no sin was punished and died. I accept his selfless sacrifice for me. Because of Jesus, I will not be punished. The old me is gone. The new me is now and forevermore (17).

Now I live for God (15). Living for God for me means more than doing what God says is best and good for me. It is to try to persuade others of what God revealed to me and has done for me. I try to show that he can also do this for them (21). Jesus’s love causes me to lovingly share the good news with others through actions and, when appropriate, also in word (14). I share only when they are ready to listen.

Apostle Paul utilizes clever word crafting by altering the use and meaning of “at home”, “body”, and “away”. While “home” always means where we dwell, in one sentence, the place of occupation is the physical body, and in another, the place of occupation is in paradise with the Lord. The meaning all depends on which side of the grave we exist. Paul stresses that, no matter where home is, this world or the next, the Lord Jesus is the source and focus of our existence and heart.

While I am “in the body“, my source and focus can reside in Jesus because I live by faith, not by sight. Like the ancients were commended for, I am sure of what I hope for and certain of what I do not see. (Hebrews 11:1) This is my faith expressed in the knowledge that one day I will appear before the judgment seat of Christ to give an account of what I did while “in the body”. While my home is in this body, I work on my character, practicing love for others as Jesus teaches me to do.

Jesus teaches me to be a wise builder, placing my home on the rock where rain, flood, and winds will not destroy. He also teaches me not to be a foolish builder, placing my home on sand where the torments and troubles of this world tear down faith and a good character. (Matthew 7:24-29)

Jesus also teaches me to be a man who uses the talents he gave me to increase his investment. Jesus has gone away to the home I will occupy with him. A day is coming when I will stand before Jesus’ judgment seat to settle the account with me. I want to hear his pleased word, “Well done, good and faithful servant! You have been faithful with a few things while in the body.” I do not want to hear his displeased word, “You wicked, lazy servant! Take the talent from his and give it to someone else. And throw that worthless servant outside, into the darkness, where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.” (Matthew 25:14-30)

God created humans with 3 parts: a physical body, a soul, and a spirit. The soul is my emotions, thoughts, and will. My spirit was dead until Jesus gave it new life when I first believed in him many years ago. (John 3:3)

My physical body is like a tent. It temporarily contains my soul and my spirit. Paul was in the tent business, which he drew from to make the analogy in this chapter. His craft consists mostly of mending tents and occasionally making new ones. People use tents as temporary residences. Homes made of wood, brick, and metal are preferred to tents. The physical body is a tent. (1-4)

When I was young, I was in the Boy Scouts. My troop often took trips, usually staying in tents. One late fall, we stayed near a small river winding through my grandparents’ dairy farm. Most stayed in tents except my friend and I. We decided to make a tent out of a rope and a large plastic sheet. The ends of the sheet overlapped under our sleeping bags.

The first night, the weather changed from pleasant to bitterly cold, freezing rain. At first, my friend and I were safe and dry in our flimsy tent. However, after 15 minutes, ice-cold water began seeping through the overlap under our sleeping bags. We became shivering cold and wet. We soon escaped the poor tent for the warm, dry shelter of my grandparents’ farmhouse.

My physical body is like the plastic tent my friend and I made. When all is pleasant, my physical body adequately houses my soul and spirit. However, from the day I was born, my body has had flaws that do not hold up when life’s weather turns for the worse. In bad storms of life, I groan and am burdened. I feel naked, wet, and cold. (2, 4)

However, I have great hope. I believe that Jesus has made something better for me. When my current physical body finally fails, I know that God has made a strong, dry, and warm home for my soul and a new spirit. He will place my soul and my new spirit in a new physical dwelling. (1, 3, 6-8)

When my body dies, I will not be naked. I know this is true because God’s Spirit within me spiritually reminds me of all the time. I live by faith, even though I cannot physically see my new spirit, nor God’s Holy Spirit, nor have I seen my new resurrection physical body. Like Paul, I make it my goal to please Jesus, who has given me this wonderful hope. (9-10)

Believing in Jesus, faith in him, leads a person to give testimony about him. Jesus, who entered Jerusalem riding on a donkey, was given great praise. The Jewish religious leaders told him to stop the praise. His reply was, “I tell you, if they keep quiet, the stones will cry out.” (Luke 19:40). “I believe,” Paul and the Psalmist say, “therefore I have spoken.” Testimony about Jesus is a natural compulsion to those who believe.

Why? “Because we know that the one who raised the Lord Jesus from the dead will also raise us with Jesus and present us with the saints in his presence” (14). The grace of God in this gives rise to thanksgiving and praise to the glory of God. Paul points out that the good news was also reaching many people, not just the Jews. More and more were added as people testified to Jesus.

We were made to testify. Jesus said, “You did not choose me, but I chose you and appointed you to go and bear fruit – fruit that will last. Then the Father will give you whatever you ask in my name.” (John 15:16) “Go!” If you are as stubborn as a rock and remain still. Then a rock will show more life than you when you are still.

The human body is like a jar of clay, a fragile shell made of the ground we walk on, meant to store goods. When closed, it is without light. Ancient cultures used plain clay jars to conceal valuable treasures – sacred scrolls, hard jewels, and untarnished precious metals. The wonderful treasure in Christians is God’s light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Christ. (6)

Though a hard, fragile shell, pressed on every side, Christians are not crushed. Though wrestled about like a sports ball, not knowing what is happening and what to do about it, we are not without hope and deliverance. (8) Though persecuted, we are not abandoned. Though thrown down like a wrestler, we are not destroyed. We are lifted up and move on. (9)

Like a jar full of valuables is buried, our body is buried with Christ. (Romans 6:4-6) We die every day. (1 Corinthians 15:31) We always carry around in our clay body the death of Jesus. (10a, 11a). Why? So that the life of Jesus may also be revealed in our body. (10b). We die for Jesus’ sake, so that his life may be revealed in our mortal body. (11b) Death is at work in this clay body, but life is at work in those we minister to. (12) We have this treasure in jars of clay to show that this all-surpassing power is from God and not from us. (7)

Light overcomes darkness. Darkness cannot overcome light. Light penetrates darkness. Darkness cannot penetrate light. Light is glory. Darkness is not glory. A mind can be blinded so that it cannot see light. The light of the gospel is the glory of Christ. The light cannot be stopped, but it can be rejected.

The god of this age is the devil, for most people follow his ways and in doing so worship him. The devil’s followers do not believe in Christ. They reject Jesus as Lord and his gospel of glory. Their unbelief enables the devil to blind their minds. They cannot see the glory of Christ, who is the image of God. (4)

John 3:19-21 says, “This is the verdict: Light has come into the world, but men loved darkness instead of light because their deeds were evil. Everyone who does evil hates the light, and will not come into the light for fear that his deeds will be exposed. But whoever lives by the truth comes into the light, so that it may be seen plainly that what he has done has been done through God.”

God said, “Let light shine out of darkness in my heart.” God gave me the light of Jesus Christ as Lord. He made me a servant of his light. He gave me the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Christ. I am the servant of the light of Jesus. Anyone can be brought out of darkness and placed in the light. Jesus gives sight to the blind.

Apostle Paul, not losing heart, though some attacked his character and motives, continued to preach the gospel, the very ministry given him by the Lord. Jesus tells all his disciples that opposition is sure to come. Paul contrasted his methods to accomplish the mission given to him with those of his detractors. We can learn how to proceed with our missions.

Paul’s detractors used secret and shameful ways. They were deceptive, hiding their true motives. Their methods were to distort the word of God. (2a) They were like Oz behind the curtain in “The Wizard of Oz”.

Paul, however, did not do as they did, though before he became a believer, he was like them. When the Lord called him, he put those shameful ways behind him. Opposite to them, Paul presented God’s truth plainly and clearly. (2b) Those who heard him or read his letters knew in their conscience that what he said had no hidden agenda. They knew it to be true and of God. (2c)

Referring back to what he wrote in 3:13-15, like Moses’ veil, if anyone did not understand the gospel he preached, it was not his doing nor fault. Rather, it was because they did not believe. The veil covers their hearts. (3)

As the apostle wrote Timothy, “Do your best to present yourself to God as one approved, a workman who does not need to be ashamed and who correctly handles the word of truth.” (2 Timothy 2:15) And the writer of Hebrews, “For the word of God is living and active. Sharper than any double-edged sword, it penetrates even to dividing soul and spirit, joints and marrow; it judges the thoughts and attitudes of the heart.” (Hebrews 4:12)

Today’s Bible Daily Bread Devotional (BDBD) is for those who are weak from serving in Jesus’ name. These are the volunteers, faithfully ministering from infants to the elderly. They are men and women of the Spirit, who continually walk the streets talking to strangers about Jesus. They are displaying the image of the Son of Man, Jesus of Galilee, through their words and acts. They are non-profit royal priests who get more harassment and persecution than recognition. These are practical ministers of the New Covenant, the gospel of Jesus.

Paul, in the previous chapter, said that yours is the freedom, reflecting the Lord’s glory. You are being transformed into his likeness with ever-increasing glory. (3:17-18). Your ministry brings righteousness. Your glory is surpassing and will last the ages. (3:9-11) Your competence comes from God. (3:5)

The great ministry you have, though all the troubles and trials of life, is God’s mercy to you in the ministry he has given you. (1) Jesus said, “I have told you these things, so that in me you may have peace. In this world you will have trouble. But take heart! I have overcome the world.” (John 16:33) Be in the words Jesus told us and be in the living Word, Jesus, the Prince of Peace. Take heart. He who has overcome the world is with you in the ministry he has given you.

The Spirit is the Lord of those who believe in Jesus (17-18). Lord, in the original Greek, has the equivalent meaning of the Hebrew word Adonai. (Exodus 3:14) The meaning of both is the “Supreme and Almighty Master”. Abraham called God, “Adonai Elohim”. “Elohim,” meaning “Almighty God,” is the name for God in Genesis 1:1. The Spirit is, therefore, the Supreme Master Almighty God.

“Where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is freedom.” (17b) The Spirit is within those who accept Jesus as Messiah and call on his name. Our Lord the Spirit freed us from our old master, which was the laws and stipulations of the Old Covenant. They ruled over us through death and sin (7). The old master has no power over me. I have a new Master, the Spirit, and he is life everlasting (11b).

The Lord, my master, is transforming me into his likeness with ever-increasing glory. I am like the moon or a mirror reflecting light. I reflect the surpassing glory of the Lord (10), who is the Spirit. My transformation is not physical. My transformation is spiritual. My transformation is not by my power or will. My transformation comes from the Holy Spirit. We see and experience the glory now through the moving of the Spirit.

Remember Apostle Peter’s words in the days of persecution upon us and ever-increasing, “Dear friends, do not be surprised at the painful trial you are suffering, as though something strange were happening to you. But rejoice that you participate in the sufferings of Christ, so that you may be overjoyed when his glory is revealed. If you are insulted because of the name of Christ, you are blessed, for the Spirit of glory and of God rests on you.” (1 Peter 4:12-14)

Moses was on Mount Sinai with the Lord, receiving the ten commandments carved in stone. When he came down the mountain, his face was radiant with glory, and Aaron and Israel were afraid to come near him. So, Moses put a veil over his face. The radiance began to fade until it was no more, but Israel did not notice because Moses kept the veil over his face. (Exodus 34:29-35). This is a lesson of the temporary and weak natures of the Old Covenant.

The Lord punished Judah for their sins and for ignoring the prophets he sent them by sending the Babylonians to burn down Jerusalem and completely destroy the temple. When the punishment was completed, the prophet Jeremiah pronounced a punishment for the day they would also reject the Messiah, Jesus, “O LORD, you have heard their insults, all their plots against me– what my enemies whisper and mutter against me all day long. Look at them! Sitting or standing, they mock me in their songs. Pay them back what they deserve, O LORD, for what their hands have done. Put a veil over their hearts, and may your curse be on them! Pursue them in anger and destroy them from under the heavens of the LORD.” (Lamentations 3:61-66; See 1 Corinthians 16:22 and Galatians 3:10-13)

The Holy Spirit reveals through the Apostle Paul that the veil remains. Is there any hope for people who have a veil over their hearts? Yes! Only in Christ is it taken away. (14) Whenever anyone turns to the Lord, the veil is taken away. (16) “Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us.” (Galatians 3:13a)

Glory is one of those words that has so many meanings and applications that it is hard to define. We can say, “Her hair is her crowning glory.” “The sun is a ball of blazing glory.” “Give God praise and glory.” And here Paul wrote, “If what was fading away came with glory, how much greater is the glory of that which lasts!” (11)

When Moses was on Mount Sinai receiving the Ten Commandments of the Old Covenant, lightning surrounded the top of the mountain, it shook, and a loud trumpet sounded. When he walked down Mount Sinai with the Ten Commandments, his face was radiant. When Moses was in the tabernacle a column of fire entered the tent. (Exodus 19:16-19, 33:9, 34:29-35) Glory was displayed in all this. Yet, the lightning stopped, the face of radiance faded, and the tabernacle is no more.

As the glory of the stars fades away and disappears when the sun rises, so the Old Covenant faded away when the New Covenant came. (10) We of the New Covenant have a hope of the future glory of the Kingdom of God. We see and experience that glory now through the moving of the Spirit. We have a sure hope for our future. So, we are bold in sharing the gospel of the Kingdom of God. “Therefore, prepare your minds for action; be self-controlled; set your hope fully on the grace to be given you when Jesus Christ is revealed.” (1 Peter 1:13) Is your hope sure?

How can it be determined if a person is an authentic instructor or a cult authoritarian with a desire to control people and take their earnings? The Jewish religious leaders insisted that Jesus was a charlatan because he was not “one of us”.

Pseudo-apostles insisted that Apostle Paul was a pretender because he was not one of the twelve, was not part of Jesus’ earthly ministry, and had persecuted the early believers. The Corinthian congregation would have a hard time knowing who to believe because, unlike us, they did not have the New Testament writings, could not reference-check his teachings (except using the Old Testament), and could not review a letter of recommendation (Paul did not carry any).

Apostle Paul’s response was, “Look at the fruit of my labors and remember my actions when I was with you, when I founded your congregation.” The congregation’s changed lives, the manifestations of the Holy Spirit because of his teaching, and the miracles were God’s testimony of Paul’s authenticity. He didn’t need a degree written in ink as proof. The Spirit of the living God written on their hearts proved his authenticity.

Jesus, warning about false prophets, taught, “By their fruit you will recognize them,” and, “Make a tree good and its fruit will be good, or make a tree bad and its fruit will be bad, for a tree is recognized by its fruit.” (Matthew 7:15-20, 12:33). Are you in a group, church, or campus ministry and have questions about their authenticity and motivations? Research the results of their work, their teachings, and their motivations. Seek to know the sincerity behind the smiles, understanding that you will not find perfection, but you should find fruit that aligns with Biblical teaching.

Paul presents the Corinthian congregation as a living witness to his credentials as a minister of the New Covenant (1-6). Then, he compares the Old Covenant to the New Covenant (7-18).

The Lord God presented the Old Covenant to Israel at Mount Sinai, in the desert (modern-day western Saudi Arabia), through Moses on two stone tablets (Exodus 19-20). The entire law of the Old Covenant is the first five books of the Bible (though some record historical facts too). When Moses came down the mountain to present the ten commandments to Israel, his face shone with the glory of God. This faded over time (Exodus 34:29-30, 33, 35). The Old Covenant brought condemnation because the Israelites were unable to keep it, for all have a fallen, sinful nature.

The Lord Jesus presented the New Covenant to the world at Mount Zion, where Jerusalem is located. The Holy Spirit writes it on the hearts of those who believe in him. When Jesus rose from the dead and ascended to his Father in heaven, his face shone with the glory of God, which never fades. The New Covenant brings righteousness because it relies solely on Jesus’s character, what he did on the cross, and his resurrection (1 Corinthians 15).

When I relied on myself for righteousness in God’s eyes, I had a veil over my heart. I tried to be a good person. I tried to be accepted by God. But I could not see God nor his Christ through my self-righteousness. I failed. I was separated from God.

Then God took the veil off my heart (16). Now I see Jesus’ sacrifice on the cross, atoning for my sins. Now I solely rely on Jesus – who he is and what he did for my righteousness. Now the Spirit of the Lord is in me. Now my relationship with God does not rely on me. I am free in Christ. I am free of the law and condemnation. I am being transformed into the image of the Son with ever-increasing glory (18). Jesus makes me competent as a minister of the New Covenant (5-6).

A year ago, for a work-related change, my wife and I moved from the East Coast to the center of the country. The trip involved stops at a relative’s house, Nashville, and Memphis until we finally arrived at the city where we now live. Normally, a three-night trip to such locations would be very enjoyable. However, since we had a tight schedule, over 1,100 miles to travel, cleaning the old apartment, furniture packing and moving arrangements, and working at a new location and company, we had little peace of mind and physical rest. The trip was not very enjoyable.

Paul’s travel from Ephesus was also lacking in peace of mind until he arrived at the troubled new congregation at Corinth (13). Paul’s first main stop was at the port city of Troas. The door to preach the gospel was opened to him there. He taught for only a very short time because he was eager to learn if the Corinthian congregation had received his first letter well, and if they were still a congregation. He had hoped he and Titus, who was coming from Corinth, would cross paths in Troas. They did not. So he left Troas and continued to Corinth.

Though we are believers in Jesus and working for the kingdom as we should, we may at times lack peace of mind. An unsettled mind is not because God does not give us peace. Rather, peace of mind is often due to our impatience. The mind controlled by the Spirit is life and peace. (Romans 8:6b) Jesus promised, “But the Counselor, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, will teach you all things and will remind you of everything I have said to you. Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid.” (John 14:26-27)

Grief, distress, and anguish, especially grief, are repeated ten times in the first ten verses, all deriving from the Greek noun “lype” (a transliteration), referring to deep emotional pain. Contrasting “lype” are forgiveness, joy, comfort, and love; together they are stated twelve times.

One man’s sin in the Corinthian congregation led to grief, distress, and anguish, not just for the man when punished, but also for the congregation and Paul. The majority inflicted punishment, likely excommunication, at Paul’s direction. The man was grieved and repented. He received forgiveness and was invited back into the fellowship. Without grieving, usually the result of punishment, there is no forgiveness. As the psalmist wrote, “If you, O LORD, kept a record of sins, O Lord, who could stand? But with you there is forgiveness; therefore you are feared.” (Psalm 130:3-4)

Apostle John wrote, “This is the message we have heard from him and declare to you: God is light; in him there is no darkness at all. If we claim to have fellowship with him yet walk in the darkness, we lie and do not live by the truth. But if we walk in the light, as he is in the light, we have fellowship with one another, and the blood of Jesus, his Son, purifies us from all sin. If we claim to be without sin, we deceive ourselves and the truth is not in us. If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just and will forgive us our sins and purify us from all unrighteousness. If we claim we have not sinned, we make him out to be a liar and his word has no place in our lives.” (1 John 1:5-10)

Paul gave instructions in his first letter to the Corinthian congregation in chapter 5 concerning a man engaging in a grievous sexual immorality. He said that they should cast him out of their congregation. Now, Paul reveals two motives behind that directive. (Some point out that he may be referring to another person’s sin and/or offense.) First, he did not want to be grieved by them when he arrived (3-4). Second, he was testing their obedience (9). They did as Paul instructed and cast the man out.

The man repented. So now, Paul is encouraging them to forgive and invite him to join them again. Paul had already forgiven him.

One interesting statement here is, “if there was anything to forgive.” (The reason some believe it is another offense.) Another is, “that Satan might not outwit us. For we are not aware of his schemes.”

Satan wants to destroy all of Christ’s congregations. He has various schemes to carry out the destruction. A particularly common one is to divide us. In this case, he used a man who persisted in incest, and the congregation’s leadership lacked discipline. Thus, Paul said the man needed to be cast out. They obeyed. He grieved and repented.

Satan’s scheme did not stop there. Now the congregation needed to forgive the man and unconditionally accept him back into the church. Forgiveness is an important act of love. Jesus taught me to pray, “Forgive us of our sins as we forgive those who sin against us.” Holding regret and judgment is self-destructive to congregations and to me. Discernment, separation from persistent sin, and unconditional forgiveness should all be done in love.

“Stand firm in Christ!” The first place in Israel’s history the command to “stand firm” is given is the Lord’s answer through Moses to Israel concerning the approaching Egyptian army led by Pharaoh, “Do not be afraid. Stand firm and you will see the deliverance the LORD will bring you today. The Egyptians you see today you will never see again.” (Exodus 14:13) The next time the command is heard was when Moabites, Ammonites, and Meunites came to make war on Jehoshaphat and Israel. While standing before the LORD at his temple in prayer, the LORD replied, “You will not have to fight this battle. Take up your positions; stand firm and see the deliverance the LORD will give you, O Judah and Jerusalem. Do not be afraid; do not be discouraged. Go out to face them tomorrow, and the LORD will be with you.'” (2 Chronicles 20:17)

King David, learning from the past and looking to the future we now live in, prophesied, “Some trust in chariots and some in horses, but we trust in the name of the LORD our God. They are brought to their knees and fall, but we rise up and stand firm. O LORD, save the king! Answer us when we call!” (Psalm 20:7-9) The Holy Spirit, through the apostle, reminds us, “Now it is God who makes both us and you stand firm in Christ.” (21a)

Troubles and suffering will come and have come. God is with us, strengthening our knees. “How do I know this?” you may ask. God anointed us with a seal of ownership. The Holy Spirit in our hearts is a deposit, guaranteeing what is to come. The Holy Spirit, whom we experience life from and with, tells us that God is with us, and God strengthens our knees so we will stand firm in the Lord Jesus, as he wins the battle that is already won.

“The day of the Lord Jesus”, referring to Jesus’ coming to assess the saints’ actions while in the flesh, as Paul is using it here, is one day only. It can be understood as one twenty-four (24) hour day that starts at sunset, goes through dawn, the light period, and ends at sunset. It can only be Jesus coming and judging the saints.

“The day of the Lord Jesus” is not plural like “in the last days” used elsewhere. The single day here is Jesus’ second coming, and the plural “in the last days” is the time before his second coming. “The day of the Lord” contains the harvest that Jesus and the apostles taught, and Paul is using here. (Matthew 13:30, 39, 21:34, 41, 25:24, 26; Mark 4:29, 12:2; Luke 20:10; John 4:35-36; Romans 1:13; and 1 Corinthians 9:10-11; Galatians 6:9; Revelation 14:15-16) “The last days”, as Peter stated on Pentecost when he quoted Joel, started with Jesus’ death and resurrection, the day of Pentecost, and will end when Jesus comes on “the day of the Lord”. “The day of the Lord” starts the Lord’s one-thousand-year reign.

Apostle Paul says that he will boast of the Corinthian congregation on the day of the Lord Jesus. When I, like Paul, stand before Jesus to give an account of what I did with my life and the gifts given to me, what can I show to Jesus? What can I boast about? Jesus will say, “What did you do with the talents I gave you?” He will say this to all he calls. “He who is given much, much will be expected.”

Some who falsely portrayed themselves as super apostles were attacking Paul’s character. They claimed that the collection was not for the poor in Jerusalem as Paul claimed, but that Paul secretly planned to keep it for himself. They also claimed that Paul’s writing was unintelligible (13-14). The super apostles said these are the reasons why Paul did not arrive in Corinth as he had said he would in the previous letter. (1 Corinthians 16:5-6)

Paul defended his trustworthiness by appealing to the witness of his own conscience and to the Corinthians’ firsthand knowledge of his character. He had conducted himself in the world and the eighteen months while he was with them, in the holiness and sincerity that are from God and by the grace of God, not according to worldly wisdom.

The “day of the Lord Jesus” is often how the apostles refer to Jesus’ second coming as king and judge. We will all stand before the Bema Seat of Christ and give an account of our actions while in the flesh, just as Jesus revealed in “The Parable of the Shrewd Manager”. (Luke 16:2; Romans 14:10-12; Hebrews 13:17)

Therefore, I need to keep my character pure and sincere. When tempted to stray from these, I am to remember that God looks at my character. People determine a person’s character. Even children see a person’s character. Keep a noble character as Ruth did, who, it was said of, “All my fellow townsmen know that you are a woman of noble character.” (Ruth 3:11)

Apostle Paul, God’s chosen instrument to carry Jesus’ name before the Gentiles and before the people of Israel (Acts 9:15), did not live a life that some Christians today would define as “the blessed life” and “the abundant life”. While in the Roman province of Asia, which included the cities of Ephesus, Philadelphia, Colosse, Troas, and others, the apostle suffered hardships and felt the sentence of death in his heart. The great pressure was far beyond his ability to endure. He despaired even of life. Apostle Paul drank the cup of suffering that Jesus handed to him.

Paul received his suffering with mature faith. “This happened that we might not rely on ourselves but on God, who raised the dead.” He felt dead. He experienced, therefore, a sort of resurrection. God delivered Paul from such a deadly peril. We will drink the cup of suffering and death with Jesus. God, whom we have set our hope, will deliver us too.

When suffering comes, we should ask others to pray for God to deliver (11). I know many who do not want others to know when they suffer. They do not want others to know they are weak. So they do not ask others to pray. If they do not know, they will not pray, and they will not give thanks for the gracious favor granted us in answer to their prayers. What a shame that pride robs others of this gift.

“My Father, if it is not possible for this cup to be taken away unless I drink it, may your will be done,” so Jesus prayed on the eve of his suffering and death. (Matthew 26:42) Later that night, he took the cup and said during the Last Supper, “This cup is the new covenant in my blood; do this, whenever you drink it, in remembrance of me.” (1 Corinthians 11:25) All take the cup that Jesus drank from, and drink from it.

Imagine a cup with wine continually pouring into it and overflowing. Underneath the cup are more cups. The wine from the top cup spills into the cups below it. When they fill, they overflow into cups under them. This continues until a multitude of stacked cups fill and overflow, all receiving wine from the first cup, a pyramid of cups.

The wine that the cups receive is the sufferings and comfort of Christ (5). We share in sufferings (7; Acts 9:4; Colossians 1:24). The suffering comes first, and when we approach him, we receive his comfort. The comfort we are given is learned (6). “Although Jesus was a son, he learned obedience from what he suffered” (Hebrews 5:8)

The commandment we receive from the Son is love. Love and compassion are not part of the sinful, fallen nature. Apart from God, we did not know love. (1 John 3:10, 16) We need to learn love. And so we learn love through obedience. The wine of compassion we receive is learned and passed on. We drink from the cup of Christ as he taught us.

Today may contain a moment when the soul lies still, curled up in the smallest possible ball, seeking the serenity of the womb that the subconscious remembers. If not today, nature’s future holds a grave lament. Life in the world makes this promise to all. No one is spared the pang of these scorpions.

Those who believe that the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ has compassion for us are promised comfort when the soul slowly leaks onto the floor. The God and Father of the Lord, our Lord, Jesus Christ, is the Father of compassion and the God of all comfort. “Look, I see you. I know you. I am with you, providing comfort in all your troubles.”

“When you ascended on high, you led captives in your train; you received gifts from men, even from the rebellious– that you, O LORD God, might dwell there. Praise be to the Lord, to God our Savior, who daily bears our burdens.” (Psalm 68:18-19)

When he comforts us in all our troubles, let us not forget others. I can comfort those in any trouble with the comfort I myself have received from God. “Carry each other’s burdens, and in this way you will fulfill the law of Christ.” (Galatians 6:2)

Paul wrote this letter to the young congregation at Corinth shortly after the previous one. He wrote it as he neared the end of his third missionary journey in the very late 55 AD while residing in the Roman province of Macedonia. Paul wanted to visit Corinth to the south again, but had not done so, and thus explained and apologized for his delays.

Verses 21 and 22 are moving. God makes me “stand firm in Christ. He anointed (me), set his seal of ownership on (me), and put his Spirit in (my) heart as a deposit, guaranteeing what is to come.” God’s grace is wonderful and precious.

I am not the one who does any of this. God does it all. I am weak in faith, and my actions prove it. Yet God in his grace makes me stand firm in Christ.

When I accepted Jesus as my personal Savior and asked him to take full control of my life, God anointed me with the Holy Spirit. The Spirit entered me. It was something entirely new to me. It was pleasant, loving, powerful, and warm. I was anointed.

Seals of ownership are used to this day. A rancher’s seal of ownership is called a brand. He or she puts the brand on a metal plate. The plate is heated and pressed against the steer hide. This burns the brand on the steer. The brand is a claim of ownership.

God burned his brand on my hide. This is what happened when I first believed. God branded me with the Holy Spirit. Now, when the Holy Spirit moves in my spirit just as he did the day I first believed, I know that I am his and he is mine. I feel his guarantee of what is to come. These movements are small in comparison to what is to come. With them, I am encouraged to continue in troubles and hardship just as Paul did.

Five more believers in Jesus are mentioned in Paul’s closing remarks: Stephanas and his household, Fortunatus, Achaicus, Aquila, and Priscilla. Stephanas, Fortunatus, and Achaicus delivered the letter containing the Corinthian congregation’s questions to Paul (17, 7:1). Stephanas is Greek. Fortunatus is Latin. Achaicus is Latinized Greek. Aquila and Priscilla were a Messianic Jewish couple who at one time lived in Corinth, Greece (then called Achaia). They moved to Ephesus and maintained a house church there (19), where Paul was currently located.

The household of Stephanas were the first converts in what is modern-day Greece, then called Achaia (15). Acts records that the first converts in Greece were at Athens, Greece. Athens is around 42 miles (68 km) east of Corinth, Greece (Acts 17:34). Athens is on the route of Paul’s letter requesting the financial gift collection for the impoverished Jerusalem believers. So, the letter arrived at Athens first, where Stephanas lived, and then went to Corinth. The Corinthian reply retraced the trip through Athens back to Paul in Ephesus.

Apostle Paul says that Stephanas’ household is devoted to the service of the saints, and those at Corinth should submit to them. It seems that many in the Corinthian congregation who were proud of their gift of knowledge looked down on Stephanas and his household. Such a shame, but this is still common in congregations today. Flashy, proud perishiners look down on humble servants.

Paul purposely mentioned Aqula and Priscilla. Most likely, they were still respected by the Corinthian congregation because they housed the beginning of the Corinthian congregation, just like they were still doing in Ephesus, and just like Stephanas’ household was doing in Athens. As Paul told them, “God has combined the members of the body and has given greater honor to the parts that lacked it, so that there should be no division in the body, but that its parts should have equal concern for each other.” (12:24b-25)

Apostle Paul delivers five encouraging and heartening directives at the conclusion of this bitter scolding letter. “Be on your guard” was a phrase Paul received from Jesus. (Matthew 10:17, 16:6, 11-12; Mark 13:9, 23, 33; Luke 12:1, 15) I am a soldier on the wall of my soul and body seeking to repel the enemy’s spies, soldiers, seducers, and thieves.

“Stand firm in the faith” was a common call among the first church. (15:38; 2 Corinthians 1:21, 24; Galatians 5:1; Ephesians 6:14; Philippians 1:27, 4:1; Colossians 4:12; 2 Thessalonians 2:15; James 5:8). I am assigned to the front line, facing the enemy who has weapons in hand, anger and hate in their countenance, and threatening with forward charges.

“Be men of courage; be strong” was the Lord’s message to Joshua and Israel as they were about to cross into the promised land. (Deuteronomy 31:6-7, 23; Joshua 1:6-7, 9, 18, 10:25). I am a soldier sent out into the world to fight the good fight. Not with weapons of this world, but with faith, hope, and love. (1 Thessalonians 1:3, 5:8; 1 Timothy 1:18, 6:12; 2 Titus 4:7).

“Do everything in love” is Jesus’ command, “Love one another. As I have loved you, so you must love one another” (John 13:34). Paul went into great detail about the nature of love in chapter 13. The battles are fought in love. The war was won by love. In all these, a Christian differentiates themselves from the world. Be encouraged as we continue onward and upward.

Paul wanted to send Timothy with his letter to Corinth per 4:14-17. However, it appears that neither he nor Apollos (12) were compelled to return to the congregation, for Paul used the phrases, “if Timothy comes…” and speaking of Apollos, “I strongly urged him to go to you with the brothers. He was quite unwilling to go now…”

Timothy and Apollos had been there a few years earlier when the congregation was new. (Acts 18:5, 27, 19:1; 1 Thessalonians 3:6) They had friends in the Corinthian congregation. But now, they did not want to visit their friends. Why?

The two most probable reasons both did not want to visit Corinth were first, because the environment was hostile, with infighting and corruption, and second, because Timothy was timid and Apollos was more interested in an undefined opportunity than in dealing with the complicated issues at Corinth. They defaulted on the human impulse to avoid and put off the problem.

The result was Paul’s very long and detailed letter. I envision Paul, upon receiving the Corinthian delegation’s ill report (17), going first to Apollos to request him to go to help with their problems, then, when Apollos refused, Paul went to Timothy to go, and when he refused, and Paul himself was unable to go, Paul’s last resort was to answer them with a long, detailed rebuke in the form of this letter.

Life is weary enough without big problems stressing us even more. So, we ignore big problems, hoping they will either solve themselves, go away, or hope and pretend they are not as big a problem as we imagine. Perhaps they are not. Usually they are. No simple direction exists when they come except one: pray, pray, pray, and trust God. Be in his peace. Psalm 107:29-30 says, “He stilled the storm to a whisper; the waves of the sea were hushed. They were glad when it grew calm, and he guided them to their desired haven.”

An inciter to a depressing grey day is manifested in the mumbled thought, “Nothing ever goes my way.” A person makes plans that have good, right, and pleasant goals. When the goals are blocked, moved, and prove inadiquit, the mood turns from sunny rays to an overcast soul. We feel alone, perhaps even abandoned by God or good fortune. How can a bright, hopeful heart return?

Paul reveals his travel plans. He intended to strengthen the congregations and collect the charitable offerings for the suffering poor Christians in Israel. This seemed like a good plan. His plans allowed for unforeseen problems, for he used phrases like, “Perhaps I will…” and “if the Lord permits.” Paul knew from past oppositions against the Lord’s work through him, that even the best laid out plans, go ways we do not want and perhaps never expected.

Paul was correct in his expectation of troubles that would cause his plans to change. Verses 3 and 4 indicate that, at this time, Paul did not intend to return to Jerusalem with the offering. The letter to the Roman congregations, written while in his future brief stay in Corinth, indicated that his desire after bringing all the offerings together was to visit Rome. This did not happen for he said to the Ephesus elders he was “compelled by the Spirit” to go to Jerusalem, though “in every city the Holy Spirit warns me that prison and hardships are facing me.” (Acts 20:17, 22-23)

“Many are the plans in a man’s heart, but it is the LORD’s purpose that prevails.” (Proverbs 19:21). I make plans. I have intent. So, is it plausible to answer, “How then can anyone understand his own way?” while ignoring, “A person’s steps are directed by the LORD.”? (Proverbs 20:24) Can I say, “I make plans with intent, so yes, I know my own way?” I cannot when I understand, accept, and live by humble faith. Did I plan without asking God’s leading in time past to be where I am now, doing what I am doing now? Is this truly my construct? Am I now what I intended before? No. Absolutely not. I am now what my loving God intended before. Accept this, invites a bright, hopeful heart’s return.

Paul addresses the Corinthian congregation’s final question. They wanted to know how to collect money for God’s people in Israel. Paul had asked them for this charity in an earlier letter that we do not have. Those in need were poor, persecuted Jewish Christians in Jerusalem, Judea, Samaria, and Galilee. (Acts 8:1, 11:28, 44 or 46 A.D.)

Corinth was a Greek city in the Roman province of Achaia in Europe. Galatia, also involved in the charitable collection, was not (1). Galatia was a Roman province in central Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) in Asia. 2 Corinthians 8:1 and 9:1-2 reveal that the congregations in Macedonia were also collecting a charitable donation for the Jews in Israel. Macedonia in Europe was a Roman province north of Achaia province. Thessalonica was located in Macedonia. Cross-cultural giving was purposely prepared.

Paul wrote to them, “And over all these virtues put on love, which binds them all together in perfect unity.” (3:19) To the Roman congregation, he wrote, “Share with God’s people who are in need. Practice hospitality.” (Romans 12:13) Expressing love is to provide charity to fellow believers who are persecuted and/or in troubles not brought on by themselves.

Paul concludes his letter to the congregation at Corinth with an instruction, a personal request, and final greetings.

The Corinthian congregation met on the first day of the week, the day after the Sabbath, our Sunday, the day Jesus rose from the grave, and the day of Pentecost when the Holy Spirit was sent. (2; Acts 20:7; Revelation 1:10) Paul told them to gather together money to help the believers in Jerusalem and collect it during their regular Sunday meetings. (1-2) Judah, where poor persecuted Christians lived, was experiencing a severe drought. (Acts 8:1, 11:28, 44 or 46 A.D.) They were to plan and prepare according to their income to help fellow Christians. Helping other believers is a good part of life in Jesus.

Paul also encouraged hospitality toward traveling believers, such as Timothy, whom he was sending to them to deliver this letter. (10-11, 15-17) At times, I was stationary for many years and accepted others into my abode. Other times, I moved here and there often. Once in 15 months, I stayed at 8 different places. Some for a few days, others longer, and still others I visited more than once. Some of these times, the Lord’s people and family welcomed me in. Most of the time, I was alone renting. A few times, I had guests. It is good to open my home and share time with believers.

In light of Jesus’ resurrection, our bodily resurrection, and Christ’s ultimate victory, Christians should not be moved by worldly temptation. Rather, we should give ourselves fully to the work of the Lord.

Jesus sternly tells his disciples, “It’s like a man going away: He leaves his house and puts his servants in charge, each with his assigned task, and tells the one at the door to keep watch. Therefore, keep watch because you do not know when the owner of the house will come back–whether in the evening, or at midnight, or when the rooster crows, or at dawn. If he comes suddenly, do not let him find you sleeping. What I say to you, I say to everyone: ‘Watch!'” (Mark 13:34-37)

Yes, each one of Jesus’ disciples has been assigned work of the Lord. The work is “of the Lord”, not work for our food, shelter, and clothing. The Lord’s work is not for essential living needs, for our Father knows what we need. That is why Jesus told us, “Seek first God’s kingdom and his righteousness, and all these things will be given to you as well.” (Mark 6:32).

The Lord’s work is not in vain. Kingdom work is not pointless, does not lack substance, value, or lasting effect. The work that we do for King and Kingdom will last for eternity. Keep up the good fight.